{"id":69,"date":"2023-09-16T13:05:25","date_gmt":"2023-09-16T13:05:25","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/mathority.org\/pt\/vetores-independentes-e-linearmente-dependentes-independencia-dependencia-linear\/"},"modified":"2023-09-16T13:05:25","modified_gmt":"2023-09-16T13:05:25","slug":"vetores-independentes-e-linearmente-dependentes-independencia-dependencia-linear","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/mathority.org\/pt\/vetores-independentes-e-linearmente-dependentes-independencia-dependencia-linear\/","title":{"rendered":"Vetores linearmente independentes e dependentes (independ\u00eancia e depend\u00eancia linear)"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>Nesta p\u00e1gina explicamos o que s\u00e3o vetores linearmente independentes e linearmente dependentes. Voc\u00ea tamb\u00e9m ver\u00e1 exemplos de como saber se um conjunto de vetores \u00e9 linearmente dependente ou independente. E, al\u00e9m disso, voc\u00ea encontrar\u00e1 exerc\u00edcios e problemas resolvidos passo a passo sobre independ\u00eancia e depend\u00eancia linear. <\/p>\n<div class=\"adsb30\" style=\" margin:12px; text-align:center\">\n<div id=\"ezoic-pub-ad-placeholder-104\"><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"%c2%bfque-son-los-vectores-linealmente-independientes\"><\/span> O que s\u00e3o vetores linearmente independentes? <span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<div style=\"background-color:#FFCC8080;padding-top: 20px; padding-bottom: 0.5px; padding-right: 40px; padding-left: 30px; border: 2px solid #FFB74D; border-radius:20px;\">\n<p style=\"text-align:left\"> Um conjunto de vetores livres \u00e9 <strong>linearmente independente<\/strong> se nenhum deles puder ser escrito como uma combina\u00e7\u00e3o linear dos outros.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align:left\"> Em outras palavras, dado um conjunto de vetores<\/p>\n<\/p>\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/mathority.org\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-33729e6d20b00643b5d9ddf38544c11c_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"\\vv{\\text{v}}_1, \\vv{\\text{v}}_2,\\ldots \\vv{\\text{v}}_n,\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"12\" width=\"96\" style=\"vertical-align: -4px;\"><\/p>\n<p> Estes s\u00e3o linearmente independentes se a \u00fanica solu\u00e7\u00e3o para a seguinte equa\u00e7\u00e3o:<\/p>\n<\/p>\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/mathority.org\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-300ebfc809f336b8eba997c6d2b17b0b_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"a_1\\vv{\\text{v}}_1+a_2\\vv{\\text{v}}_2+\\dots + a_n\\vv{\\text{v}}_n=0\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"15\" width=\"224\" style=\"vertical-align: -3px;\"><\/p>\n<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align:left\"> Esses s\u00e3o todos os coeficientes<\/p>\n<\/p>\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/mathority.org\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-f91083f3035e5168a6f0b3e6335d6858_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"a_i\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"11\" width=\"14\" style=\"vertical-align: -3px;\"><\/p>\n<p> igual a 0: <\/p>\n<\/p>\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/mathority.org\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-343093bdf0637093707400807a880327_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"a_1=a_2=\\dots = a_n=0\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"15\" width=\"177\" style=\"vertical-align: -3px;\"><\/p>\n<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"adsb30\" style=\" margin:12px; text-align:center\">\n<div id=\"ezoic-pub-ad-placeholder-105\"><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p> Geometricamente, dois vetores s\u00e3o linearmente independentes se n\u00e3o tiverem a mesma dire\u00e7\u00e3o, ou seja, se n\u00e3o forem paralelos.<\/p>\n<p> Para resumir, \u00e0s vezes dizemos diretamente que s\u00e3o vetores LI. Ou que os vetores t\u00eam independ\u00eancia linear. <\/p>\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"%c2%bfque-son-los-vectores-linealmente-dependientes\"><\/span> O que s\u00e3o vetores linearmente dependentes?<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p> Obviamente, vetores linearmente dependentes significam o oposto de vetores linearmente independentes. Sua defini\u00e7\u00e3o \u00e9 portanto: <\/p>\n<div style=\"background-color:#FFCC8080;padding-top: 20px; padding-bottom: 0.5px; padding-right: 40px; padding-left: 30px; border: 2px solid #FFB74D; border-radius:20px;\">\n<p style=\"text-align:left\"> Um conjunto de vetores livres do plano \u00e9 <strong>linearmente dependente<\/strong> se algum deles puder ser expresso como uma combina\u00e7\u00e3o linear de outros vetores que formam o sistema.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align:left\"> Em outras palavras, dado um conjunto de vetores<\/p>\n<\/p>\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/mathority.org\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-33729e6d20b00643b5d9ddf38544c11c_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"\\vv{\\text{v}}_1, \\vv{\\text{v}}_2,\\ldots \\vv{\\text{v}}_n,\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"12\" width=\"96\" style=\"vertical-align: -4px;\"><\/p>\n<p> Eles s\u00e3o linearmente dependentes se existir uma solu\u00e7\u00e3o para a seguinte equa\u00e7\u00e3o:<\/p>\n<\/p>\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/mathority.org\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-300ebfc809f336b8eba997c6d2b17b0b_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"a_1\\vv{\\text{v}}_1+a_2\\vv{\\text{v}}_2+\\dots + a_n\\vv{\\text{v}}_n=0\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"15\" width=\"224\" style=\"vertical-align: -3px;\"><\/p>\n<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align:left\"> em que tem certo coeficiente<\/p>\n<\/p>\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/mathority.org\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-f91083f3035e5168a6f0b3e6335d6858_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"a_i\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"11\" width=\"14\" style=\"vertical-align: -3px;\"><\/p>\n<p> \u00e9 diferente de 0: <\/p>\n<\/p>\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/mathority.org\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-439f0ac04db138f5e47e7ffa3010ac82_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"a_i\\neq 0\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"17\" width=\"48\" style=\"vertical-align: -4px;\"><\/p>\n<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"adsb30\" style=\" margin:12px; text-align:center\">\n<div id=\"ezoic-pub-ad-placeholder-106\"><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p> O inverso tamb\u00e9m \u00e9 verdadeiro: se um vetor \u00e9 uma combina\u00e7\u00e3o linear de outros vetores, ent\u00e3o todos os vetores do conjunto s\u00e3o linearmente dependentes.<\/p>\n<p> Al\u00e9m disso, se dois vetores s\u00e3o paralelos, isso implica que s\u00e3o linearmente dependentes.<\/p>\n<p> \u00c0s vezes eles tamb\u00e9m s\u00e3o abreviados e chamados simplesmente de vetores LD. Ou ainda que os vetores tenham depend\u00eancia linear. <\/p>\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"ejemplo-de-como-saber-si-los-vectores-son-linealmente-dependientes-o-independientes\"><\/span> Exemplo de como saber se os vetores s\u00e3o linearmente dependentes ou independentes<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p> Veremos ent\u00e3o um exemplo t\u00edpico de vetores linearmente dependentes e independentes.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li> Determine se os seguintes tr\u00eas vetores tridimensionais t\u00eam depend\u00eancia ou independ\u00eancia linear:<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/mathority.org\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-05af06eeddc930d2a2a1aef3557f1804_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"\\vv{\\text{u}} = (1,5,2)\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"19\" width=\"89\" style=\"vertical-align: -5px;\"><\/p>\n<\/p>\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/mathority.org\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-8499337b8d833980eb798442df144157_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"\\vv{\\text{v}} = (-2,3,-1)\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"19\" width=\"116\" style=\"vertical-align: -5px;\"><\/p>\n<\/p>\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/mathority.org\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-cfab263ab4dab31ac33ce94bf5cd605a_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"\\vv{\\text{w}} = (4,2,1)\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"19\" width=\"92\" style=\"vertical-align: -5px;\"><\/p>\n<\/p>\n<p>Primeiro, precisamos enunciar a condi\u00e7\u00e3o de combina\u00e7\u00e3o linear:<\/p>\n<\/p>\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/mathority.org\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-2580c2225e7e01a88d80c323da49b776_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"a_1\\vv{\\text{u}}+a_2\\vv{\\text{v}} + a_3\\vv{\\text{w}}=0\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"15\" width=\"159\" style=\"vertical-align: -3px;\"><\/p>\n<\/p>\n<p> Agora substitu\u00edmos cada vetor por suas coordenadas. Como zero, que corresponde ao vetor zero:<\/p>\n<\/p>\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/mathority.org\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-7b93accc41aaa4124dbe17d48b613380_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"a_1(1,5,2)+a_2(-2,3,-1)+ a_3(4,2,1)=(0,0,0)\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"19\" width=\"370\" style=\"vertical-align: -5px;\"><\/p>\n<\/p>\n<p> Os coeficientes multiplicam vetores, ent\u00e3o a seguinte express\u00e3o \u00e9 equivalente:<\/p>\n<\/p>\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/mathority.org\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-e862c54b435070e58979525edbd3982b_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"(a_1,5a_1,2a_1)+(-2a_2,3a_2,-a_2) + (4a_3,2a_3,a_3)=(0,0,0)\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"19\" width=\"444\" style=\"vertical-align: -5px;\"><\/p>\n<\/p>\n<p> Adicionamos vetores:<\/p>\n<\/p>\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/mathority.org\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-aeeebd2fc4c71c53bb5b69a7ba4712fc_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"(a_1-2a_2+4a_3 \\ , \\ 5a_1+3a_2+2a_3 \\ , \\ 2a_1-a_2+a_3)=(0,0,0)\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"19\" width=\"468\" style=\"vertical-align: -5px;\"><\/p>\n<\/p>\n<p> Se olharmos atentamente, a express\u00e3o anterior corresponde a 3 equa\u00e7\u00f5es, pois cada coordenada do vetor esquerdo deve ser igual a cada coordenada do vetor direito. Temos, portanto, um sistema homog\u00eaneo de 3 equa\u00e7\u00f5es com 3 inc\u00f3gnitas:<\/p>\n<\/p>\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/mathority.org\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-c6bb8117dd8ae715314efe73fe65eed8_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"\\left. \\begin{array}{l} a_1-2a_2+4a_3 = 0 \\\\[2ex] 5a_1+3a_2+2a_3 =0\\\\[2ex] 2a_1-a_2+a_3 = 0 \\end{array} \\right\\}\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"97\" width=\"175\" style=\"vertical-align: 0px;\"><\/p>\n<\/p>\n<p> Portanto, a \u00fanica coisa que precisamos fazer \u00e9 resolver o sistema de equa\u00e7\u00f5es cujas inc\u00f3gnitas s\u00e3o<\/p>\n<\/p>\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/mathority.org\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-41a350e61a3992febcf5f69fdb79f79a_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"a_1, a_2\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"12\" width=\"41\" style=\"vertical-align: -4px;\"><\/p>\n<p> E<\/p>\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/mathority.org\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-5eff362725f9c8095e12f173e039328e_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"a_3.\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"11\" width=\"21\" style=\"vertical-align: -3px;\"><\/p>\n<p> Para fazer isso, voc\u00ea pode usar qualquer m\u00e9todo (m\u00e9todo de substitui\u00e7\u00e3o, m\u00e9todo de Gaus, regra de Cramer, etc.). Por\u00e9m, para saber se os vetores s\u00e3o LI ou LD basta determinar se existe uma solu\u00e7\u00e3o diferente da solu\u00e7\u00e3o trivial (todos os coeficientes iguais a zero). ENT\u00c3O: <\/p>\n<div style=\"background-color:#FFCC8080;padding-top: 20px; padding-bottom: 0.5px; padding-right: 40px; padding-left: 12px; border: 2px solid #FFB74D; border-radius:20px;\">\n<ul>\n<li style=\"margin-bottom:24px\"> Se o determinante da matriz composta pelas componentes dos vetores for diferente de zero, isso significa que o sistema de equa\u00e7\u00f5es possui apenas uma solu\u00e7\u00e3o (\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/mathority.org\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-485cb2ce7f28253bda0a1262eeec81b8_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"a_1=a_2=a_3=\\dots=0\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"15\" width=\"175\" style=\"vertical-align: -3px;\"><\/p>\n<p> ) e, portanto, os vetores s\u00e3o <strong>linearmente independentes<\/strong><\/li>\n<li style=\"margin-bottom:14px\"> Por outro lado, se o determinante da matriz composta pelas componentes dos vetores for igual a zero, isso implica que o sistema de equa\u00e7\u00f5es possui mais de uma solu\u00e7\u00e3o e, portanto, os vetores s\u00e3o <strong>linearmente dependentes<\/strong> .<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<p> Ent\u00e3o a \u00fanica coisa que precisa ser calculada \u00e9 o determinante com as coordenadas dos vetores (como \u00e9 um determinante 3&#215;3, pode ser resolvido com a regra de Sarrus). Este determinante corresponde aos coeficientes do sistema de equa\u00e7\u00f5es anterior:<\/p>\n<\/p>\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/mathority.org\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-046e05ff603822985510c7bdc8b73021_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"\\displaystyle \\begin{vmatrix} 1&amp;-2&amp;4\\\\[1.1ex] 5&amp;3&amp;2 \\\\[1.1ex] 2&amp;-1&amp;1 \\end{vmatrix} = -37 \\bm{\\neq 0}\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"86\" width=\"165\" style=\"vertical-align: 0px;\"><\/p>\n<\/p>\n<p> Neste caso, o determinante \u00e9 diferente de 0, portanto os vetores s\u00e3o <strong>linearmente independentes<\/strong> .<\/p>\n<p> Portanto, a \u00fanica solu\u00e7\u00e3o poss\u00edvel para o sistema de equa\u00e7\u00f5es \u00e9 a solu\u00e7\u00e3o trivial com todas as inc\u00f3gnitas iguais a zero: <\/p>\n<\/p>\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/mathority.org\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-55102cbf302a51cdb904a4f3ad88e658_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"a_1=a_2=a_3=0\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"15\" width=\"131\" style=\"vertical-align: -3px;\"><\/p>\n<\/p>\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"propiedades-de-los-vectores-linealmente-dependientes-e-independientes\"><\/span> Propriedades de vetores linearmente dependentes e independentes <span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<div class=\"adsb30\" style=\" margin:12px; text-align:center\">\n<div id=\"ezoic-pub-ad-placeholder-109\"><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p> A depend\u00eancia linear ou independ\u00eancia de vetores possui as seguintes caracter\u00edsticas:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li> Dois vetores proporcionais s\u00e3o paralelos e, portanto, linearmente dependentes porque t\u00eam a mesma dire\u00e7\u00e3o.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li> Da mesma forma, se dois vetores n\u00e3o t\u00eam a mesma dire\u00e7\u00e3o ou n\u00e3o s\u00e3o proporcionais, eles s\u00e3o linearmente independentes.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li> Tr\u00eas vetores coplanares (que est\u00e3o no mesmo plano) s\u00e3o linearmente independentes.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li> O vetor nulo\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/mathority.org\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-40f8606fdc9522ef08a3d4b889a3d840_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"(\\vv{\\text{v}}=(0,0,0))\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"19\" width=\"101\" style=\"vertical-align: -5px;\"><\/p>\n<p> \u00e9 linearmente dependente de qualquer vetor.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li> Um conjunto de vetores linearmente independentes gera um espa\u00e7o vetorial e forma uma base vetorial. Se os tr\u00eas vetores forem perpendiculares, \u00e9 uma base ortogonal. E se o seu m\u00f3dulo tamb\u00e9m for igual a 1, isso corresponde a uma base ortonormal. <\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"ejercicios-resueltos-de-dependencia-e-independencia-lineal\"><\/span>Exerc\u00edcios resolvidos de depend\u00eancia linear e independ\u00eancia<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p> Abaixo voc\u00ea encontra v\u00e1rios exerc\u00edcios resolvidos sobre vetores linearmente dependentes e independentes para praticar.<\/p>\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"> Exerc\u00edcio 1<\/h3>\n<p> Determine se os seguintes vetores s\u00e3o linearmente dependentes ou independentes: <\/p>\n<\/p>\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/mathority.org\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-d552b4aa1666be818679ed4557aa7950_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"\\vv{\\text{u}} = (1,-2,1)\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"19\" width=\"103\" style=\"vertical-align: -5px;\"><\/p>\n<\/p>\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/mathority.org\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-044b61524cd81ac5ea271deaf60ba56f_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"\\vv{\\text{v}} = (2,1,3)\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"19\" width=\"88\" style=\"vertical-align: -5px;\"><\/p>\n<\/p>\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/mathority.org\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-5f2e178b7cbb93d5b58a5a9d493b3e5b_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"\\vv{\\text{w}} = (5,-1,1)\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"19\" width=\"106\" style=\"vertical-align: -5px;\"><\/p>\n<\/p>\n<div class=\"wp-block-otfm-box-spoiler-start otfm-sp__wrapper otfm-sp__box js-otfm-sp-box__closed otfm-sp__E4F0FE\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-expanded=\"false\" data-otfm-spc=\"#E4F0FE\" style=\"text-align:center\">\n<div class=\"otfm-sp__title\"> <strong>Veja a solu\u00e7\u00e3o<\/strong><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p class=\"has-text-align-left\"> Primeiro colocamos a condi\u00e7\u00e3o de combina\u00e7\u00e3o linear: <\/p>\n<\/p>\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/mathority.org\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-2580c2225e7e01a88d80c323da49b776_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"a_1\\vv{\\text{u}}+a_2\\vv{\\text{v}} + a_3\\vv{\\text{w}}=0\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"15\" width=\"159\" style=\"vertical-align: -3px;\"><\/p>\n<\/p>\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/mathority.org\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-62dca064bc122d1180bd344cc63b09ed_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"a_1(1,-2,1)+a_2(2,1,3)+ a_3(5,-1,1)=(0,0,0)\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"19\" width=\"370\" style=\"vertical-align: -5px;\"><\/p>\n<\/p>\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/mathority.org\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-358964cb9ab1a6719cd7fac6d80f35bd_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"(a_1,-2a_1,a_1)+(2a_2,a_2,3a_2) + (5a_3,-a_3,a_3)=(0,0,0)\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"19\" width=\"427\" style=\"vertical-align: -5px;\"><\/p>\n<\/p>\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/mathority.org\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-4a60f9dd00a04a5d988a9d664befa3fa_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"(a_1+2a_2+5a_3 \\ , \\ -2a_1+a_2-a_3 \\ , \\ a_1+3a_2+a_3)=(0,0,0)\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"19\" width=\"464\" style=\"vertical-align: -5px;\"><\/p>\n<\/p>\n<p class=\"has-text-align-left\"> A igualdade anterior corresponde ao seguinte sistema de equa\u00e7\u00f5es lineares:<\/p>\n<\/p>\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/mathority.org\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-58f1b449f48096570437df0ca40f8a8d_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"\\left. \\begin{array}{l} a_1+2a_2+5a_3 = 0 \\\\[2ex] -2a_1+a_2-a_3 =0\\\\[2ex] a_1+3a_2+a_3 = 0 \\end{array} \\right\\}\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"97\" width=\"171\" style=\"vertical-align: 0px;\"><\/p>\n<\/p>\n<p class=\"has-text-align-left\"> Depois de declararmos o sistema de equa\u00e7\u00f5es, resolvemos o determinante da matriz com seus termos:<\/p>\n<\/p>\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/mathority.org\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-caa6d4f135e79bb8b6d2368ff7eebefb_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"\\displaystyle \\begin{vmatrix} 1&amp;2&amp;5\\\\[1.1ex] -2&amp;1&amp;-1 \\\\[1.1ex] 1&amp;3&amp;1 \\end{vmatrix} = -29 \\bm{\\neq 0}\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"86\" width=\"179\" style=\"vertical-align: 0px;\"><\/p>\n<\/p>\n<p class=\"has-text-align-left\"> Neste caso, o determinante \u00e9 diferente de 0, portanto os tr\u00eas vetores s\u00e3o <strong>linearmente independentes<\/strong> entre si.<\/p>\n<div class=\"wp-block-otfm-box-spoiler-end otfm-sp_end\"><\/div>\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"> Exerc\u00edcio 2<\/h3>\n<p> Classifique os seguintes vetores como linearmente dependentes ou independentes: <\/p>\n<\/p>\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/mathority.org\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-4cc2ed855100fa8f5ef4d5a58eec547c_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"\\vv{\\text{u}} = (1,4,3)\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"19\" width=\"89\" style=\"vertical-align: -5px;\"><\/p>\n<\/p>\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/mathority.org\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-1511660305e564364f81511fbcab382a_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"\\vv{\\text{v}} = (-2,0,2)\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"19\" width=\"102\" style=\"vertical-align: -5px;\"><\/p>\n<\/p>\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/mathority.org\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-82f0ad7c365ea32003750cc4b55e44f9_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"\\vv{\\text{w}} = (3,-1,-4)\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"19\" width=\"120\" style=\"vertical-align: -5px;\"><\/p>\n<\/p>\n<div class=\"wp-block-otfm-box-spoiler-start otfm-sp__wrapper otfm-sp__box js-otfm-sp-box__closed otfm-sp__E4F0FE\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-expanded=\"false\" data-otfm-spc=\"#E4F0FE\" style=\"text-align:center\">\n<div class=\"otfm-sp__title\"> <strong>Veja a solu\u00e7\u00e3o<\/strong><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p class=\"has-text-align-left\"> Primeiramente colocamos a equa\u00e7\u00e3o da combina\u00e7\u00e3o linear: <\/p>\n<\/p>\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/mathority.org\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-2580c2225e7e01a88d80c323da49b776_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"a_1\\vv{\\text{u}}+a_2\\vv{\\text{v}} + a_3\\vv{\\text{w}}=0\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"15\" width=\"159\" style=\"vertical-align: -3px;\"><\/p>\n<\/p>\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/mathority.org\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-28ebfd8d5f95694329a88caf6213a263_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"a_1(1,4,3)+a_2(-2,0,2)+ a_3(3,-1,-4)=(0,0,0)\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"19\" width=\"383\" style=\"vertical-align: -5px;\"><\/p>\n<\/p>\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/mathority.org\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-9e75b345f90c95164ef95890f9fd67ce_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"(a_1,4a_1,3a_1)+(-2a_2,0,2a_2) + (3a_3,-a_3,-4a_3)=(0,0,0)\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"19\" width=\"450\" style=\"vertical-align: -5px;\"><\/p>\n<\/p>\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/mathority.org\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-221296d40e44e447a90dcdbb00752663_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"(a_1-2a_2+3a_3 \\ , \\ 4a_1-a_3 \\ , \\ 3a_1+2a_2-4a_3)=(0,0,0)\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"19\" width=\"429\" style=\"vertical-align: -5px;\"><\/p>\n<\/p>\n<p class=\"has-text-align-left\"> Da igualdade anterior obtemos o seguinte sistema homog\u00eaneo de equa\u00e7\u00f5es:<\/p>\n<\/p>\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/mathority.org\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-c94610b6f8baef34a1fb4601c148f515_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"\\left. \\begin{array}{l} a_1-2a_2+3a_3= 0 \\\\[2ex] 4a_1-a_3 =0\\\\[2ex] 3a_1+2a_2-4a_3 = 0 \\end{array} \\right\\}\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"97\" width=\"175\" style=\"vertical-align: 0px;\"><\/p>\n<\/p>\n<p class=\"has-text-align-left\"> Depois de declararmos o sistema de equa\u00e7\u00f5es, resolvemos o determinante da matriz com as coordenadas dos vetores:<\/p>\n<\/p>\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/mathority.org\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-67678c37fdaf0955ef8bbab8d34379f8_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"\\displaystyle \\begin{vmatrix} 1&amp;-2&amp;3\\\\[1.1ex] 4&amp;0&amp;-1 \\\\[1.1ex] 3&amp;2&amp;-4 \\end{vmatrix} \\bm{= 0}\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"86\" width=\"127\" style=\"vertical-align: 0px;\"><\/p>\n<\/p>\n<p class=\"has-text-align-left\"> Neste caso, o determinante \u00e9 equivalente a 0, portanto os tr\u00eas vetores <strong>dependem linearmente<\/strong> entre si.<\/p>\n<div class=\"wp-block-otfm-box-spoiler-end otfm-sp_end\"><\/div>\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"> Exerc\u00edcio 3<\/h3>\n<p> Para os tr\u00eas vetores a seguir, indique quais pares de vetores s\u00e3o linearmente dependentes e quais pares s\u00e3o linearmente independentes. <\/p>\n<\/p>\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/mathority.org\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-c53b2414f85df7b5510ea6f379ad9c59_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"\\vv{\\text{u}} = (1,2,-2) \\qquad \\vv{\\text{v}} = (2,4,-3) \\qquad \\vv{\\text{w}} = (-4,-8,6)\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"19\" width=\"397\" style=\"vertical-align: -5px;\"><\/p>\n<\/p>\n<div class=\"wp-block-otfm-box-spoiler-start otfm-sp__wrapper otfm-sp__box js-otfm-sp-box__closed otfm-sp__E4F0FE\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-expanded=\"false\" data-otfm-spc=\"#E4F0FE\" style=\"text-align:center\">\n<div class=\"otfm-sp__title\"> <strong>Veja a solu\u00e7\u00e3o<\/strong><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p class=\"has-text-align-left\"> A maneira mais simples de saber se um par de vetores \u00e9 linearmente dependente ou independente \u00e9 verificar se eles s\u00e3o proporcionais.<\/p>\n<p class=\"has-text-align-left\"> Primeiro verificamos o vetor<\/p>\n<\/p>\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/mathority.org\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-cac24ae79c1e4cbc459f01ed5e4f824e_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"\\vv{\\text{u}}\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"8\" width=\"10\" style=\"vertical-align: 0px;\"><\/p>\n<p> com o vetor<\/p>\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/mathority.org\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-8f5713006a9840d2d71efbe7b540d21a_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"\\vv{\\text{v}} :\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"8\" width=\"18\" style=\"vertical-align: 0px;\"><\/p>\n<\/p>\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/mathority.org\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-2e9f2e572ec99322a57982b9cb393ca8_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"\\cfrac{1}{2} = \\cfrac{2}{4} \\neq \\cfrac{-2}{-3} \\ \\longrightarrow \\ \\text{LI}\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"38\" width=\"167\" style=\"vertical-align: -12px;\"><\/p>\n<\/p>\n<p class=\"has-text-align-left\"> Em segundo lugar, verificamos o vetor<\/p>\n<\/p>\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/mathority.org\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-cac24ae79c1e4cbc459f01ed5e4f824e_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"\\vv{\\text{u}}\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"8\" width=\"10\" style=\"vertical-align: 0px;\"><\/p>\n<p> com o vetor<\/p>\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/mathority.org\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-97cea7925862c08ac4cf5b4963c0187b_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"\\vv{\\text{w}} :\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"8\" width=\"22\" style=\"vertical-align: 0px;\"><\/p>\n<\/p>\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/mathority.org\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-034dc83f2bfec42f9cf743d295f52feb_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"\\cfrac{1}{-4} = \\cfrac{2}{-8} \\neq \\cfrac{-2}{6} \\ \\longrightarrow \\ \\text{LI}\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"38\" width=\"194\" style=\"vertical-align: -12px;\"><\/p>\n<\/p>\n<p class=\"has-text-align-left\"> Finalmente, testamos o vetor<\/p>\n<\/p>\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/mathority.org\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-391ac2e3ba0b7f327ba5a0edc1ba162d_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"\\vv{\\text{v}}\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"8\" width=\"9\" style=\"vertical-align: 0px;\"><\/p>\n<p> com o vetor<\/p>\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/mathority.org\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-97cea7925862c08ac4cf5b4963c0187b_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"\\vv{\\text{w}} :\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"8\" width=\"22\" style=\"vertical-align: 0px;\"><\/p>\n<\/p>\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/mathority.org\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-bf4a92d82a160dae8ee8ca41cfad22ec_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"\\cfrac{2}{-4} = \\cfrac{4}{-8} = \\cfrac{-3}{6} = -\\cfrac{1}{2} \\ \\longrightarrow \\ \\text{Proporcionales}\\ \\longrightarrow \\ \\text{LD}\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"38\" width=\"414\" style=\"vertical-align: -12px;\"><\/p>\n<\/p>\n<p class=\"has-text-align-left\"> Assim, o \u00fanico par de vetores que depende linearmente um do outro \u00e9<\/p>\n<\/p>\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/mathority.org\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-391ac2e3ba0b7f327ba5a0edc1ba162d_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"\\vv{\\text{v}}\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"8\" width=\"9\" style=\"vertical-align: 0px;\"><\/p>\n<p> E<\/p>\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/mathority.org\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-d8af8ced46d93e73dc5290e0cca4dc6b_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"\\vv{\\text{w}}.\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"8\" width=\"17\" style=\"vertical-align: 0px;\"><\/p>\n<p> Al\u00e9m disso, a rela\u00e7\u00e3o deles \u00e9 a seguinte:<\/p>\n<\/p>\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/mathority.org\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-b3184c3260a84d9f7722440a1b95392f_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"\\vv{\\text{v}}= -\\cfrac{1}{2} \\vv{\\text{w}}\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"38\" width=\"71\" style=\"vertical-align: -12px;\"><\/p>\n<\/p>\n<p class=\"has-text-align-left\"> Ou equivalente:<\/p>\n<\/p>\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/mathority.org\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-5a599602f8553abe4f0fb99e3efd3966_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"\\vv{\\text{w}}= -2\\vv{\\text{v}}\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"12\" width=\"68\" style=\"vertical-align: 0px;\"><\/p>\n<\/p>\n<p class=\"has-text-align-left\"> Por outro lado, os outros pares de vetores s\u00e3o linearmente independentes.<\/p>\n<div class=\"wp-block-otfm-box-spoiler-end otfm-sp_end\"><\/div>\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"> Exerc\u00edcio 4<\/h3>\n<p> Estude a depend\u00eancia ou independ\u00eancia linear dos 4 vetores a seguir entre si: <\/p>\n<\/p>\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/mathority.org\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-32b4b70627510756dee79c34319889d5_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"\\vv{\\text{u}} = (0,1,2)\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"19\" width=\"89\" style=\"vertical-align: -5px;\"><\/p>\n<\/p>\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/mathority.org\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-fa38827f1af905436c7ac1b64da780d5_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"\\vv{\\text{v}} = (-1,-2,0)\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"19\" width=\"116\" style=\"vertical-align: -5px;\"><\/p>\n<\/p>\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/mathority.org\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-3b827cfdbb2751b83b0dfa8e571f20cd_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"\\vv{\\text{w}} = (4,1,-1)\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"19\" width=\"106\" style=\"vertical-align: -5px;\"><\/p>\n<\/p>\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/mathority.org\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-25ba65cf2ebddf211e70958fed7a6dd1_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"\\vv{\\text{x}} = (-2,-3,2)\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"19\" width=\"116\" style=\"vertical-align: -5px;\"><\/p>\n<\/p>\n<div class=\"wp-block-otfm-box-spoiler-start otfm-sp__wrapper otfm-sp__box js-otfm-sp-box__closed otfm-sp__E4F0FE\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-expanded=\"false\" data-otfm-spc=\"#E4F0FE\" style=\"text-align:center\">\n<div class=\"otfm-sp__title\"> <strong>Veja a solu\u00e7\u00e3o<\/strong><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p class=\"has-text-align-left\"> Primeiro colocamos a condi\u00e7\u00e3o de combina\u00e7\u00e3o linear: <\/p>\n<\/p>\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/mathority.org\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-75cb11870b19756a745d82caf5ecba82_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"a_1\\vv{\\text{u}}+a_2\\vv{\\text{v}} + a_3\\vv{\\text{w}}+a_4\\vv{\\text{x}}=0\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"15\" width=\"207\" style=\"vertical-align: -3px;\"><\/p>\n<\/p>\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/mathority.org\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-6bd2e86f772066a8ad2255f8dffa054d_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"a_1(0,1,2)+a_2(-1,-2,0)+ a_3(4,1,-1)+a_4(-2,-3,2)=(0,0,0)\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"19\" width=\"506\" style=\"vertical-align: -5px;\"><\/p>\n<\/p>\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/mathority.org\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-192de9f156d81073e6e0b3815fe6703a_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"(0,a_1,2a_1)+(-a_2,-2a_2,0) +(4a_3,a_3,-a_3)+(-2a_4,-3a_4,2a_4)=(0,0,0)\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"19\" width=\"572\" style=\"vertical-align: -5px;\"><\/p>\n<\/p>\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/mathority.org\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-828034966309aab74913c929b3781e81_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"(-a_2+4a_3-2a_4\\ , \\ a_1-2a_2+a_3-3a_4 \\ , \\ 2a_1-a_3+2a_4)=(0,0,0)\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"19\" width=\"520\" style=\"vertical-align: -5px;\"><\/p>\n<\/p>\n<p class=\"has-text-align-left\"> Neste caso temos um sistema de 3 equa\u00e7\u00f5es com 4 inc\u00f3gnitas:<\/p>\n<\/p>\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/mathority.org\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-e9451263e5a31994569292e32666d93e_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"\\left. \\begin{array}{l} -a_2+4a_3-2a_4 = 0 \\\\[2ex] a_1-2a_2+a_3-3a_4 =0\\\\[2ex] 2a_1-a_3+2a_4 = 0 \\end{array} \\right\\}\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"97\" width=\"205\" style=\"vertical-align: 0px;\"><\/p>\n<\/p>\n<p class=\"has-text-align-left\"> N\u00e3o podemos resolver o determinante de toda a matriz do sistema, pois apenas matrizes quadradas podem ser determinadas. Devemos portanto calcular todas as combina\u00e7\u00f5es poss\u00edveis de determinantes 3\u00d73 e ver se um deles \u00e9 igual a 0, caso em que os vetores ser\u00e3o linearmente dependentes, por outro lado, se todos os determinantes forem diferentes de 0 os 4 vetores ser\u00e3o ser linearmente independente.<\/p>\n<p class=\"has-text-align-left\"> Calculamos o determinante dos coeficientes<\/p>\n<\/p>\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/mathority.org\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-41a350e61a3992febcf5f69fdb79f79a_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"a_1, a_2\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"12\" width=\"41\" style=\"vertical-align: -4px;\"><\/p>\n<p> E<\/p>\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/mathority.org\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-a5e5ed86162a9b0324b8f44dc16fcbce_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"a_3:\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"11\" width=\"26\" style=\"vertical-align: -3px;\"><\/p>\n<\/p>\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/mathority.org\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-488d7848a40aa9a91bd5b3aa1f09b774_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"\\displaystyle \\begin{vmatrix} 0&amp;-1&amp;4\\\\[1.1ex] 1&amp;-2&amp;1 \\\\[1.1ex] 2&amp;0&amp;-1 \\end{vmatrix} =13\\bm{\\neq 0}\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"86\" width=\"165\" style=\"vertical-align: 0px;\"><\/p>\n<\/p>\n<p class=\"has-text-align-left\"> O determinante dos 3 primeiros coeficientes (ou dos 3 primeiros vetores) \u00e9 diferente de zero. Ent\u00e3o agora tentamos com o determinante dos coeficientes<\/p>\n<\/p>\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/mathority.org\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-41a350e61a3992febcf5f69fdb79f79a_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"a_1, a_2\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"12\" width=\"41\" style=\"vertical-align: -4px;\"><\/p>\n<p> E<\/p>\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/mathority.org\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-f76864c5409cf2dea96ed29cc6bf43c5_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"a_4:\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"11\" width=\"26\" style=\"vertical-align: -3px;\"><\/p>\n<\/p>\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/mathority.org\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-d1475a77f10ea0c16147a6f9c3f611b4_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"\\displaystyle \\begin{vmatrix} 0&amp;-1&amp;-2\\\\[1.1ex] 1&amp;-2&amp;-3 \\\\[1.1ex] 2&amp;0&amp;2 \\end{vmatrix} \\bm{= 0}\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"86\" width=\"127\" style=\"vertical-align: 0px;\"><\/p>\n<\/p>\n<p class=\"has-text-align-left\"> Obtivemos um determinante zero, portanto n\u00e3o \u00e9 necess\u00e1rio calcular os demais determinantes porque j\u00e1 sabemos que os 4 vetores s\u00e3o <strong>linearmente dependentes<\/strong> .<\/p>\n<div class=\"wp-block-otfm-box-spoiler-end otfm-sp_end\"><\/div>\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"> Exerc\u00edcio 5<\/h3>\n<p> Calcule o valor de<\/p>\n<\/p>\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/mathority.org\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-3422b6bb5c160593658b7c39425d9880_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"k\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"12\" width=\"9\" style=\"vertical-align: 0px;\"><\/p>\n<p> de modo que os seguintes vetores s\u00e3o linearmente independentes: <\/p>\n<\/p>\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/mathority.org\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-edc48924ce57971f9c5940e09d028aff_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"\\vv{\\text{u}} = (3,-1,5)\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"19\" width=\"103\" style=\"vertical-align: -5px;\"><\/p>\n<\/p>\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/mathority.org\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-88c00cd3b8e4f88f1092a5fb484cd5fb_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"\\vv{\\text{v}} = (-2,4,7)\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"19\" width=\"102\" style=\"vertical-align: -5px;\"><\/p>\n<\/p>\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/mathority.org\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-d2848445bf3f500e9635da849a0fa1d8_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"\\vv{\\text{w}} = (1,3,k)\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"19\" width=\"93\" style=\"vertical-align: -5px;\"><\/p>\n<\/p>\n<div class=\"wp-block-otfm-box-spoiler-start otfm-sp__wrapper otfm-sp__box js-otfm-sp-box__closed otfm-sp__E4F0FE\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-expanded=\"false\" data-otfm-spc=\"#E4F0FE\" style=\"text-align:center\">\n<div class=\"otfm-sp__title\"> <strong>Veja a solu\u00e7\u00e3o<\/strong><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p class=\"has-text-align-left\"> Primeiramente colocamos a equa\u00e7\u00e3o da combina\u00e7\u00e3o linear: <\/p>\n<\/p>\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/mathority.org\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-2580c2225e7e01a88d80c323da49b776_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"a_1\\vv{\\text{u}}+a_2\\vv{\\text{v}} + a_3\\vv{\\text{w}}=0\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"15\" width=\"159\" style=\"vertical-align: -3px;\"><\/p>\n<\/p>\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/mathority.org\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-b94523fdc15d85da997726f01a1df5b9_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"a_1(3,-1,5)+a_2(-2,4,7)+ a_3(1,3,k)=(0,0,0)\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"19\" width=\"370\" style=\"vertical-align: -5px;\"><\/p>\n<\/p>\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/mathority.org\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-78e6c627ddd8e0bd7070c329152ba135_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"(3a_1,-a_1,5a_1)+(-2a_2,4a_2,7a_2) + (a_3,3a_3,ka_3)=(0,0,0)\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"19\" width=\"454\" style=\"vertical-align: -5px;\"><\/p>\n<\/p>\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/mathority.org\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-cccd303f53e73d03d6f47d3694d09b7a_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"(3a_1-2a_2+a_3 \\ , \\ -a_1+4a_2+3a_3 \\ , \\ 5a_1+7a_2+ka_3)=(0,0,0)\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"19\" width=\"492\" style=\"vertical-align: -5px;\"><\/p>\n<\/p>\n<p class=\"has-text-align-left\"> Da equa\u00e7\u00e3o vetorial anterior, obtemos o seguinte sistema homog\u00eaneo de equa\u00e7\u00f5es:<\/p>\n<\/p>\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/mathority.org\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-16f88cbf406c1faf61307b99179a5de6_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"\\left. \\begin{array}{l}3a_1-2a_2+a_3= 0 \\\\[2ex] -a_1+4a_2+3a_3 =0\\\\[2ex] 5a_1+7a_2+ka_3 = 0 \\end{array} \\right\\}\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"97\" width=\"180\" style=\"vertical-align: 0px;\"><\/p>\n<\/p>\n<p class=\"has-text-align-left\"> Depois de enunciarmos o sistema de equa\u00e7\u00f5es, vamos tentar resolver o determinante do sistema:<\/p>\n<\/p>\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/mathority.org\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-d748080bb1cacc1c80a35ef633a2d85e_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"\\displaystyle \\begin{vmatrix} 3&amp;-2&amp;1\\\\[1.1ex] -1&amp;4&amp;3 \\\\[1.1ex] 5&amp;7&amp;k \\end{vmatrix} =10k-120\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"86\" width=\"197\" style=\"vertical-align: 0px;\"><\/p>\n<\/p>\n<p class=\"has-text-align-left\"> A afirma\u00e7\u00e3o nos diz que os vetores devem ser linearmente dependentes. O determinante deve, portanto, ser igual a zero: <\/p>\n<\/p>\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/mathority.org\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-a0d1aeff1b4ba348b51bb226997d7202_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"\\displaystyle 10k-120=0\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"12\" width=\"107\" style=\"vertical-align: 0px;\"><\/p>\n<\/p>\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/mathority.org\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-b98ff23cda28486515d12ef26c8a0e25_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"\\displaystyle 10k=120\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"12\" width=\"77\" style=\"vertical-align: 0px;\"><\/p>\n<\/p>\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/mathority.org\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-4177c59fe629665dcf7a57de632b85ed_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"\\displaystyle k=\\cfrac{120}{10}\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"38\" width=\"62\" style=\"vertical-align: -12px;\"><\/p>\n<\/p>\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/mathority.org\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-32770a08083461fbb6a7260627d6a9c2_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"\\displaystyle \\bm{k=12}\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"12\" width=\"50\" style=\"vertical-align: 0px;\"><\/p>\n<\/p>\n<p class=\"has-text-align-left\"> A constante deve, portanto, ser igual a 12 para que os vetores tenham uma depend\u00eancia linear.<\/p>\n<div class=\"wp-block-otfm-box-spoiler-end otfm-sp_end\"><\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Nesta p\u00e1gina explicamos o que s\u00e3o vetores linearmente independentes e linearmente dependentes. Voc\u00ea tamb\u00e9m ver\u00e1 exemplos de como saber se um conjunto de vetores \u00e9 linearmente dependente ou independente. E, al\u00e9m disso, voc\u00ea encontrar\u00e1 exerc\u00edcios e problemas resolvidos passo a passo sobre independ\u00eancia e depend\u00eancia linear. O que s\u00e3o vetores linearmente independentes? Um conjunto de &hellip;<\/p>\n<p class=\"read-more\"> <a class=\"\" href=\"https:\/\/mathority.org\/pt\/vetores-independentes-e-linearmente-dependentes-independencia-dependencia-linear\/\"> <span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Vetores linearmente independentes e dependentes (independ\u00eancia e depend\u00eancia linear)<\/span> Leia mais &raquo;<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"site-sidebar-layout":"default","site-content-layout":"","ast-site-content-layout":"","site-content-style":"default","site-sidebar-style":"default","ast-global-header-display":"","ast-banner-title-visibility":"","ast-main-header-display":"","ast-hfb-above-header-display":"","ast-hfb-below-header-display":"","ast-hfb-mobile-header-display":"","site-post-title":"","ast-breadcrumbs-content":"","ast-featured-img":"","footer-sml-layout":"","theme-transparent-header-meta":"","adv-header-id-meta":"","stick-header-meta":"","header-above-stick-meta":"","header-main-stick-meta":"","header-below-stick-meta":"","astra-migrate-meta-layouts":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[27],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-69","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-vetores"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is 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