{"id":67,"date":"2023-09-17T05:59:03","date_gmt":"2023-09-17T05:59:03","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/mathority.org\/pt\/como-diagonalizar-uma-matriz-diagonalizavel-diagonalizacao-de-matrizes-2x2-3x3-4x4-exercicios-resolvidos-passo-a-passo\/"},"modified":"2023-09-17T05:59:03","modified_gmt":"2023-09-17T05:59:03","slug":"como-diagonalizar-uma-matriz-diagonalizavel-diagonalizacao-de-matrizes-2x2-3x3-4x4-exercicios-resolvidos-passo-a-passo","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/mathority.org\/pt\/como-diagonalizar-uma-matriz-diagonalizavel-diagonalizacao-de-matrizes-2x2-3x3-4x4-exercicios-resolvidos-passo-a-passo\/","title":{"rendered":"Como diagonalizar uma matriz"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>Nesta p\u00e1gina voc\u00ea encontrar\u00e1 tudo sobre matrizes diagonaliz\u00e1veis: o que s\u00e3o, quando podem ser diagonalizadas e quando n\u00e3o podem, o m\u00e9todo para diagonalizar matrizes, as aplica\u00e7\u00f5es e propriedades dessas matrizes espec\u00edficas, etc. E voc\u00ea ainda tem v\u00e1rios exerc\u00edcios resolvidos passo a passo para praticar e entender perfeitamente como eles s\u00e3o diagonalizados. Por fim, aprendemos tamb\u00e9m como realizar diagonaliza\u00e7\u00f5es de matrizes com o programa de computador MATLAB, j\u00e1 que \u00e9 muito utilizado.<\/p>\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"> O que \u00e9 uma matriz diagonaliz\u00e1vel?<\/h2>\n<p> Como veremos a seguir, diagonalizar uma matriz \u00e9 muito \u00fatil no campo da \u00e1lgebra linear. \u00c9 por isso que muitos perguntam\u2026 o que \u00e9 diagonaliza\u00e7\u00e3o de matrizes? Bem, a defini\u00e7\u00e3o de uma matriz diagonaliz\u00e1vel \u00e9: <\/p>\n<div style=\"background-color:#dff6ff;padding-top: 20px; padding-bottom: 0.5px; padding-right: 40px; padding-left: 30px\" class=\"has-background\">\n<p style=\"text-align:left\"> Uma <strong>matriz diagonaliz\u00e1vel<\/strong> \u00e9 uma matriz quadrada que pode ser transformada em uma matriz diagonal, ou seja, uma matriz preenchida com zeros exceto na diagonal principal. A diagonaliza\u00e7\u00e3o das matrizes \u00e9 dividida da seguinte forma:<\/p>\n<\/p>\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/mathority.org\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-4ab9c489a73de0bde368d8a7f7bd7151_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"A = PDP^{-1}\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"15\" width=\"97\" style=\"vertical-align: 0px;\"><\/p>\n<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align:left\"> Ou equivalente,<\/p>\n<\/p>\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/mathority.org\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-54fc1390aaa9437bf9813fc64b600919_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"D = P^{-1}AP\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"15\" width=\"98\" style=\"vertical-align: 0px;\"><\/p>\n<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align:left\"> Ouro<\/p>\n<\/p>\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/mathority.org\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-25b206f25506e6d6f46be832f7119ffa_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"A\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"13\" width=\"13\" style=\"vertical-align: 0px;\"><\/p>\n<p> \u00e9 a matriz a ser diagonalizada,<\/p>\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/mathority.org\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-650eb7688af6737ac325425b5c9a5982_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"P\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"12\" width=\"14\" style=\"vertical-align: 0px;\"><\/p>\n<p> \u00e9 a matriz cujas colunas s\u00e3o os autovetores (ou autovetores) de<\/p>\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/mathority.org\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-25b206f25506e6d6f46be832f7119ffa_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"A\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"13\" width=\"13\" style=\"vertical-align: 0px;\"><\/p>\n<p> ,<\/p>\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/mathority.org\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-073aeddfae03d7bea03931e1cb3505f4_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"P^{-1}\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"15\" width=\"31\" style=\"vertical-align: 0px;\"><\/p>\n<p> sua matriz inversa e<\/p>\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/mathority.org\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-4b9ef1bbd23fd1b198de883813285620_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"D\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"12\" width=\"15\" style=\"vertical-align: 0px;\"><\/p>\n<p> \u00e9 a matriz diagonal formada pelos autovalores (ou autovalores) de<\/p>\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/mathority.org\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-25b206f25506e6d6f46be832f7119ffa_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"A\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"13\" width=\"13\" style=\"vertical-align: 0px;\"><\/p>\n<p> .<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p> O Matrix<\/p>\n<\/p>\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/mathority.org\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-650eb7688af6737ac325425b5c9a5982_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"P\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"12\" width=\"14\" style=\"vertical-align: 0px;\"><\/p>\n<p> atua como uma base muda a matriz, ent\u00e3o na verdade com esta f\u00f3rmula mudamos a base para a matriz<\/p>\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/mathority.org\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-25b206f25506e6d6f46be832f7119ffa_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"A\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"13\" width=\"13\" style=\"vertical-align: 0px;\"><\/p>\n<p> , de modo que a matriz se torna uma matriz diagonal (<\/p>\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/mathority.org\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-4b9ef1bbd23fd1b198de883813285620_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"D\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"12\" width=\"15\" style=\"vertical-align: 0px;\"><\/p>\n<p> ) na nova base.<\/p>\n<p> Portanto, a matriz<\/p>\n<\/p>\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/mathority.org\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-25b206f25506e6d6f46be832f7119ffa_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"A\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"13\" width=\"13\" style=\"vertical-align: 0px;\"><\/p>\n<p> e a matriz<\/p>\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/mathority.org\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-4b9ef1bbd23fd1b198de883813285620_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"D\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"12\" width=\"15\" style=\"vertical-align: 0px;\"><\/p>\n<p> S\u00e3o matrizes semelhantes. E obviamente,<\/p>\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/mathority.org\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-650eb7688af6737ac325425b5c9a5982_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"P\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"12\" width=\"14\" style=\"vertical-align: 0px;\"><\/p>\n<p> \u00c9 uma matriz regular ou n\u00e3o degenerada.<\/p>\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"> Quando voc\u00ea pode diagonalizar uma matriz?<\/h2>\n<p> Nem todas as matrizes podem ser diagonalizadas; apenas matrizes que atendam a certas caracter\u00edsticas podem ser diagonalizadas. Voc\u00ea pode saber se uma matriz \u00e9 diagonaliz\u00e1vel de diferentes maneiras:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li> Uma matriz quadrada de ordem <em>n<\/em> \u00e9 diagonaliz\u00e1vel se tiver <em>n<\/em> <span style=\"color:#1976d2;\"><strong>autovetores (ou autovetores) linearmente independentes<\/strong><\/span> , ou em outras palavras, se esses vetores formarem uma base. Isso ocorre porque a matriz\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/mathority.org\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-650eb7688af6737ac325425b5c9a5982_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"P\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"12\" width=\"14\" style=\"vertical-align: 0px;\"><\/p>\n<p> , que serve para diagonalizar uma matriz, \u00e9 formado pelos autovetores dessa matriz. Para saber se os autovetores s\u00e3o LI, basta que o determinante da matriz<\/p>\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/mathority.org\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-650eb7688af6737ac325425b5c9a5982_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"P\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"12\" width=\"14\" style=\"vertical-align: 0px;\"><\/p>\n<p> \u00e9 diferente de 0, o que significa que a matriz tem a classifica\u00e7\u00e3o m\u00e1xima.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/mathority.org\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-389610a3ba8bf2db8af148a3f5c13e5a_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"\\text{si} \\quad \\text{det}(P)\\neq 0 \\ \\longrightarrow \\ \\text{matriz diagonalizable}\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"19\" width=\"331\" style=\"vertical-align: -5px;\"><\/p>\n<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li> Uma propriedade dos autovalores e autovetores \u00e9 que os autovetores de diferentes autovalores s\u00e3o linearmente independentes. Portanto, se <span style=\"color:#1976d2;\"><strong>todos os autovalores da matriz forem \u00fanicos,<\/strong><\/span> a matriz \u00e9 diagonaliz\u00e1vel.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li> Outra forma de determinar se uma matriz pode ser acomodada em uma matriz diagonal \u00e9 usar multiplicidades alg\u00e9bricas e geom\u00e9tricas. A multiplicidade alg\u00e9brica \u00e9 o n\u00famero de vezes que um autovalor (ou autovalor) \u00e9 repetido, e a multiplicidade geom\u00e9trica \u00e9 a dimens\u00e3o do n\u00facleo (ou n\u00facleo) da matriz subtraindo o autovalor em sua diagonal principal. Assim, se para cada autovalor a <span style=\"color:#1976d2;\"><strong>multiplicidade alg\u00e9brica for igual \u00e0 multiplicidade geom\u00e9trica<\/strong><\/span> , a matriz \u00e9 diagonaliz\u00e1vel. <\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/mathority.org\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-cee403ec4a2cac29cda0bf950fcc143b_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"\\alpha_\\lambda = \\text{multiplicidad algebraica} = \\text{multiplicidad del valor propio}\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"16\" width=\"483\" style=\"vertical-align: -4px;\"><\/p>\n<\/p>\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/mathority.org\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-968bde68480ba0b85f5179a1a794bfec_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"m_\\lambda = \\text{multiplicidad geom\\'etrica} = \\text{dim } Ker(A-\\lambda I) = n -rg(A-\\lambda I)\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"19\" width=\"541\" style=\"vertical-align: -5px;\"><\/p>\n<\/p>\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/mathority.org\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-8b7ecdb0203a83bf48683c551df7418a_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"\\alpha_\\lambda \\geq m_\\lambda \\geq 1\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"15\" width=\"100\" style=\"vertical-align: -3px;\"><\/p>\n<\/p>\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/mathority.org\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-511e6243e12d5227417f12bb1ef29330_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"\\text{si} \\quad \\alpha_\\lambda = m_\\lambda \\quad \\forall \\lambda \\ \\longrightarrow \\ \\text{matriz diagonalizable}\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"16\" width=\"353\" style=\"vertical-align: -4px;\"><\/p>\n<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li> Por fim, existe um teorema, o teorema espectral, que garante a diagonaliza\u00e7\u00e3o de matrizes sim\u00e9tricas com n\u00fameros reais. Em outras palavras, <span style=\"color:#1976d2;\"><strong>qualquer matriz real e sim\u00e9trica \u00e9 diagonaliz\u00e1vel<\/strong><\/span> .<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"> Como diagonalizar uma matriz<\/h2>\n<p> O procedimento para diagonalizar uma matriz \u00e9 baseado em encontrar os autovalores (ou autovalores) e autovetores (ou autovetores) de uma matriz. \u00c9 por isso que \u00e9 importante que voc\u00ea domine <a href=\"https:\/\/mathority.org\/pt\/calcular-autovalores,-autovalores-e-autovetores,-autovetores-de-uma-matriz\/\">como calcular os autovalores (ou autovalores) e autovetores (ou autovetores) de qualquer matriz<\/a> . Voc\u00ea pode relembrar como foi feito clicando no link, onde explicamos passo a passo como encontr\u00e1-los e alguns truques que facilitam muito os c\u00e1lculos. Al\u00e9m disso, voc\u00ea tamb\u00e9m encontrar\u00e1 exerc\u00edcios resolvidos para praticar.<\/p>\n<p> Com o m\u00e9todo a seguir, voc\u00ea pode diagonalizar uma matriz de qualquer dimens\u00e3o: 2&#215;2, 3&#215;3, 4&#215;4, etc. As etapas a seguir para diagonalizar uma matriz s\u00e3o:<\/p>\n<ol style=\"color:#1976d2; font-weight: bold;>\n<li><span style=\" color:#262626;font-weight:=\"\" normal;\"=\"\">\n<li style=\"margin-bottom:23px\"><span style=\"color:#262626;font-weight: normal;\">Obtenha os autovalores (ou autovalores) da matriz.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"margin-bottom:23px\"> <span style=\"color:#262626;font-weight: normal;\">Calcule o autovetor associado a cada autovalor.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"margin-bottom:23px\"> <span style=\"color:#262626;font-weight: normal;\">Construa a matriz\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/mathority.org\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-650eb7688af6737ac325425b5c9a5982_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"P\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"12\" width=\"14\" style=\"vertical-align: 0px;\"><\/p>\n<p><\/span> , cujas colunas s\u00e3o os autovetores da matriz a ser diagonalizada.<\/li>\n<li style=\"margin-bottom:23px\"> <span style=\"color:#262626;font-weight: normal;\">Verifique se a matriz pode ser diagonalizada (deve atender a uma das condi\u00e7\u00f5es explicadas na se\u00e7\u00e3o anterior).<\/span><\/li>\n<li> <span style=\"color:#262626;font-weight: normal;\">Construa a matriz diagonal\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/mathority.org\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-4b9ef1bbd23fd1b198de883813285620_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"D\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"12\" width=\"15\" style=\"vertical-align: 0px;\"><\/p>\n<p><\/span> , cujos elementos s\u00e3o todos 0, exceto aqueles na diagonal principal, que s\u00e3o os autovalores encontrados na etapa 1.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p class=\"has-background\" style=\"background-color:#fffde7\"> <strong>Aviso:<\/strong> Os autovetores da matriz<\/p>\n<\/p>\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/mathority.org\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-650eb7688af6737ac325425b5c9a5982_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"P\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"12\" width=\"14\" style=\"vertical-align: 0px;\"><\/p>\n<p> podem ser colocados em qualquer ordem, mas os autovalores da matriz diagonal<\/p>\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/mathority.org\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-4b9ef1bbd23fd1b198de883813285620_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"D\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"12\" width=\"15\" style=\"vertical-align: 0px;\"><\/p>\n<p> Eles devem ser colocados na mesma ordem. Por exemplo, o primeiro autovalor da matriz diagonal<\/p>\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/mathority.org\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-4b9ef1bbd23fd1b198de883813285620_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"D\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"12\" width=\"15\" style=\"vertical-align: 0px;\"><\/p>\n<p> deve ser aquele que corresponde ao autovetor da primeira coluna da matriz<\/p>\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/mathority.org\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-650eb7688af6737ac325425b5c9a5982_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"P\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"12\" width=\"14\" style=\"vertical-align: 0px;\"><\/p>\n<p> .<\/p>\n<p> Abaixo est\u00e3o v\u00e1rios exerc\u00edcios passo a passo de diagonaliza\u00e7\u00e3o de matrizes que voc\u00ea pode praticar.<\/p>\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"> Exerc\u00edcios de diagonaliza\u00e7\u00e3o de matrizes resolvidos<\/h2>\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"> Exerc\u00edcio 1<\/h3>\n<p> Diagonalize a seguinte matriz quadrada de dimens\u00e3o 2\u00d72: <\/p>\n<\/p>\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/mathority.org\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-13b9f5c8b5a381c9661aa4ee2e0b7b63_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"\\displaystyle A= \\begin{pmatrix}2&amp;2\\\\[1.1ex] 1&amp;3\\end{pmatrix}\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"54\" width=\"95\" style=\"vertical-align: 0px;\"><\/p>\n<\/p>\n<div class=\"wp-block-otfm-box-spoiler-start otfm-sp__wrapper otfm-sp__box js-otfm-sp-box__closed otfm-sp__E3F2FD boto_ver_solucion\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-expanded=\"false\" data-otfm-spc=\"#E3F2FD\" style=\"text-align:center\">\n<div class=\"otfm-sp__title\"> <strong>Veja a solu\u00e7\u00e3o<\/strong><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p class=\"has-text-align-left\"> Devemos primeiro determinar os autovalores da matriz A. Portanto, calculamos a equa\u00e7\u00e3o caracter\u00edstica resolvendo o seguinte determinante:<\/p>\n<\/p>\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/mathority.org\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-f652aa2ef8cd55100970fef7fbf30e60_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"\\displaystyle \\text{det}(A-\\lambda I)= \\begin{vmatrix}2- \\lambda &amp;2\\\\[1.1ex] 1&amp;3-\\lambda \\end{vmatrix} = \\lambda^2-5\\lambda +4\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"54\" width=\"339\" style=\"vertical-align: 0px;\"><\/p>\n<\/p>\n<p class=\"has-text-align-left\"> Agora vamos calcular as ra\u00edzes do polin\u00f4mio caracter\u00edstico:<\/p>\n<\/p>\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/mathority.org\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-c53bbe295e0f77d1cdaa183e9341567d_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"\\displaystyle \\lambda^2-5\\lambda +4=0 \\ \\longrightarrow \\ \\begin{cases} \\lambda = 4 \\\\[2ex] \\lambda = 1 \\end{cases}\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"65\" width=\"231\" style=\"vertical-align: 0px;\"><\/p>\n<\/p>\n<p class=\"has-text-align-left\"> Uma vez obtidos os autovalores, calculamos o autovetor associado a cada um. Primeiro, o autovetor correspondente ao autovalor 1: <\/p>\n<\/p>\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/mathority.org\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-10506efea4c355e8449378bc3a1948a9_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"\\displaystyle (A-I)v=0\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"19\" width=\"99\" style=\"vertical-align: -5px;\"><\/p>\n<\/p>\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/mathority.org\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-83d7b7d31a262f6e0844a0a9f5098e11_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"\\displaystyle \\begin{pmatrix}1&amp;2\\\\[1.1ex] 1&amp;2\\end{pmatrix}\\begin{pmatrix}x \\\\[1.1ex] y \\end{pmatrix} =}\\begin{pmatrix}0 \\\\[1.1ex] 0 \\end{pmatrix}\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"54\" width=\"156\" style=\"vertical-align: 0px;\"><\/p>\n<\/p>\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/mathority.org\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-9ea3248973afa32a42f87b20e0c5ddc9_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"\\displaystyle \\left.\\begin{array}{l} x+2y = 0 \\\\[2ex] x+2y = 0\\end{array}\\right\\} \\longrightarrow \\ x=-2y\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"65\" width=\"216\" style=\"vertical-align: 0px;\"><\/p>\n<\/p>\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/mathority.org\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-73435e1b8c9d689ec17255f087e978f0_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"\\displaystyle v = \\begin{pmatrix}-2 \\\\[1.1ex] 1 \\end{pmatrix}\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"54\" width=\"79\" style=\"vertical-align: 0px;\"><\/p>\n<\/p>\n<p class=\"has-text-align-left\"> E ent\u00e3o calculamos o autovetor associado ao autovalor 4: <\/p>\n<\/p>\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/mathority.org\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-0545c0847763140ccc62a58cf4207c6c_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"\\displaystyle (A-4I)v=0\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"19\" width=\"108\" style=\"vertical-align: -5px;\"><\/p>\n<\/p>\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/mathority.org\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-d9c6b33d8fad6974d366ce088800b92a_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"\\displaystyle \\begin{pmatrix}-2&amp;2\\\\[1.1ex] 1&amp;-1\\end{pmatrix}\\begin{pmatrix}x \\\\[1.1ex] y \\end{pmatrix} =}\\begin{pmatrix}0 \\\\[1.1ex] 0 \\end{pmatrix}\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"54\" width=\"183\" style=\"vertical-align: 0px;\"><\/p>\n<\/p>\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/mathority.org\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-d68533e14c844cf5bd4ee1965533ee6f_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"\\displaystyle \\left.\\begin{array}{l} -2x+2y = 0 \\\\[2ex] x-y = 0\\end{array}\\right\\} \\longrightarrow \\ y=x\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"65\" width=\"216\" style=\"vertical-align: 0px;\"><\/p>\n<\/p>\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/mathority.org\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-0f3cac5769795f1730fcbf118fdfbbc3_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"\\displaystyle v = \\begin{pmatrix}1 \\\\[1.1ex] 1 \\end{pmatrix}\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"54\" width=\"66\" style=\"vertical-align: 0px;\"><\/p>\n<\/p>\n<p class=\"has-text-align-left\"> N\u00f3s constru\u00edmos a matriz<\/p>\n<\/p>\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/mathority.org\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-650eb7688af6737ac325425b5c9a5982_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"P\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"12\" width=\"14\" style=\"vertical-align: 0px;\"><\/p>\n<p> , formado pelos autovetores da matriz:<\/p>\n<\/p>\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/mathority.org\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-46dde85eb30324e4dfec09cbb802853e_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"\\displaystyle  P = \\begin{pmatrix}-2&amp;1 \\\\[1.1ex] 1&amp;1 \\end{pmatrix}\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"54\" width=\"109\" style=\"vertical-align: 0px;\"><\/p>\n<\/p>\n<p class=\"has-text-align-left\"> Como todos os autovalores s\u00e3o diferentes, a matriz A \u00e9 diagonaliz\u00e1vel. Assim a matriz diagonal correspondente \u00e9 aquela que possui os autovalores na diagonal principal:<\/p>\n<\/p>\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/mathority.org\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-1e0329677969153d43ce741754dc6924_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"\\displaystyle D= \\begin{pmatrix}1&amp;0\\\\[1.1ex] 0&amp;4\\end{pmatrix}\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"54\" width=\"97\" style=\"vertical-align: 0px;\"><\/p>\n<\/p>\n<p class=\"has-text-align-left\"> Lembre-se de que os autovalores devem ser colocados na mesma ordem em que os autovetores s\u00e3o colocados na matriz<\/p>\n<\/p>\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/mathority.org\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-650eb7688af6737ac325425b5c9a5982_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"P\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"12\" width=\"14\" style=\"vertical-align: 0px;\"><\/p>\n<p> .<\/p>\n<p class=\"has-text-align-left\"> Concluindo, a matriz de mudan\u00e7a de base e a matriz diagonalizada s\u00e3o: <\/p>\n<\/p>\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/mathority.org\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-7ea54fe9e11d849c2896cc312df404ba_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"\\displaystyle P = \\begin{pmatrix}-2&amp;1 \\\\[1.1ex] 1&amp;1 \\end{pmatrix} \\qquad D= \\begin{pmatrix}1&amp;0\\\\[1.1ex] 0&amp;4\\end{pmatrix}\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"54\" width=\"248\" style=\"vertical-align: 0px;\"><\/p>\n<\/p>\n<div class=\"wp-block-otfm-box-spoiler-end otfm-sp_end\"><\/div>\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Exerc\u00edcio 2<\/h3>\n<div class=\"adsb30\" style=\" margin:px; text-align:\"><\/div>\n<p> Diagonalize a seguinte matriz quadrada de ordem 2: <\/p>\n<\/p>\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/mathority.org\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-f61af0f4b152be75cc74b7733b2de076_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"\\displaystyle A= \\begin{pmatrix}3&amp;4\\\\[1.1ex] -1&amp;-2\\end{pmatrix}\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"54\" width=\"122\" style=\"vertical-align: 0px;\"><\/p>\n<\/p>\n<div class=\"wp-block-otfm-box-spoiler-start otfm-sp__wrapper otfm-sp__box js-otfm-sp-box__closed otfm-sp__E3F2FD boto_ver_solucion\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-expanded=\"false\" data-otfm-spc=\"#E3F2FD\" style=\"text-align:center\">\n<div class=\"otfm-sp__title\"> <strong>Veja a solu\u00e7\u00e3o<\/strong><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p class=\"has-text-align-left\"> Devemos primeiro determinar os autovalores da matriz A. Portanto, calculamos a equa\u00e7\u00e3o caracter\u00edstica resolvendo o seguinte determinante:<\/p>\n<\/p>\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/mathority.org\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-31024cc955652299f8933e082f934f15_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"\\displaystyle \\text{det}(A-\\lambda I)= \\begin{vmatrix}3- \\lambda &amp;4\\\\[1.1ex] -1&amp;-2-\\lambda \\end{vmatrix} = \\lambda^2-\\lambda -2\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"54\" width=\"343\" style=\"vertical-align: 0px;\"><\/p>\n<\/p>\n<p class=\"has-text-align-left\"> Agora vamos calcular as ra\u00edzes do polin\u00f4mio caracter\u00edstico:<\/p>\n<\/p>\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/mathority.org\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-341b01a85529d26a506ebc9336221dca_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"\\displaystyle \\lambda^2-\\lambda -2=0 \\ \\longrightarrow \\ \\begin{cases} \\lambda = -1 \\\\[2ex] \\lambda = 2 \\end{cases}\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"65\" width=\"235\" style=\"vertical-align: 0px;\"><\/p>\n<\/p>\n<p class=\"has-text-align-left\"> Uma vez obtidos os autovalores, calculamos o autovetor associado a cada um. Primeiro, o autovetor correspondente ao autovalor -1: <\/p>\n<\/p>\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/mathority.org\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-76cc8bb12c3b49d4964b2b3f661677ae_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"\\displaystyle (A+I)v=0\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"19\" width=\"99\" style=\"vertical-align: -5px;\"><\/p>\n<\/p>\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/mathority.org\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-c2728e62bfb96bb9106b0f7791ba9c5b_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"\\displaystyle \\begin{pmatrix}4&amp;4\\\\[1.1ex] -1&amp;-1\\end{pmatrix}\\begin{pmatrix}x \\\\[1.1ex] y \\end{pmatrix} =}\\begin{pmatrix}0 \\\\[1.1ex] 0 \\end{pmatrix}\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"54\" width=\"183\" style=\"vertical-align: 0px;\"><\/p>\n<\/p>\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/mathority.org\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-0515ba12f6ad51cc35cc785697498b78_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"\\displaystyle \\left.\\begin{array}{l} 4x+4y = 0 \\\\[2ex] -x-y = 0\\end{array}\\right\\} \\longrightarrow \\ x=-y\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"65\" width=\"216\" style=\"vertical-align: 0px;\"><\/p>\n<\/p>\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/mathority.org\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-0059538893e6c8439792228733f803de_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"\\displaystyle v = \\begin{pmatrix}-1 \\\\[1.1ex] 1 \\end{pmatrix}\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"54\" width=\"79\" style=\"vertical-align: 0px;\"><\/p>\n<\/p>\n<p class=\"has-text-align-left\"> E ent\u00e3o calculamos o autovetor associado ao autovalor 2: <\/p>\n<\/p>\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/mathority.org\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-6c6944f71d79a33d4789affbc82db4c1_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"\\displaystyle (A-2I)v=0\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"19\" width=\"108\" style=\"vertical-align: -5px;\"><\/p>\n<\/p>\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/mathority.org\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-aff94f6ac5c08a408abcb42f4262ac0a_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"\\displaystyle \\begin{pmatrix}1&amp;4\\\\[1.1ex] -1&amp;-4\\end{pmatrix}\\begin{pmatrix}x \\\\[1.1ex] y \\end{pmatrix} =}\\begin{pmatrix}0 \\\\[1.1ex] 0 \\end{pmatrix}\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"54\" width=\"183\" style=\"vertical-align: 0px;\"><\/p>\n<\/p>\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/mathority.org\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-2930b2bf0ef86ea8be216bafe5c3aa32_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"\\displaystyle \\left.\\begin{array}{l} x+4y = 0 \\\\[2ex] -x-4y = 0\\end{array}\\right\\} \\longrightarrow \\ x=-4y\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"65\" width=\"230\" style=\"vertical-align: 0px;\"><\/p>\n<\/p>\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/mathority.org\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-ede8a2a2803fc807b34db04326f5e1cf_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"\\displaystyle v = \\begin{pmatrix}-4 \\\\[1.1ex] 1 \\end{pmatrix}\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"54\" width=\"79\" style=\"vertical-align: 0px;\"><\/p>\n<\/p>\n<p class=\"has-text-align-left\"> N\u00f3s constru\u00edmos a matriz<\/p>\n<\/p>\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/mathority.org\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-650eb7688af6737ac325425b5c9a5982_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"P\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"12\" width=\"14\" style=\"vertical-align: 0px;\"><\/p>\n<p> , formado pelos autovetores da matriz:<\/p>\n<\/p>\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/mathority.org\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-990ff35382717a4644e33e8630777237_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"\\displaystyle  P = \\begin{pmatrix}-1&amp;-4 \\\\[1.1ex] 1&amp;1 \\end{pmatrix}\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"54\" width=\"123\" style=\"vertical-align: 0px;\"><\/p>\n<\/p>\n<p class=\"has-text-align-left\"> Como todos os autovalores s\u00e3o diferentes entre si, a matriz A \u00e9 diagonaliz\u00e1vel. Assim, a matriz diagonal correspondente \u00e9 aquela que cont\u00e9m os autovalores na diagonal principal:<\/p>\n<\/p>\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/mathority.org\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-cb2a5e7884d62f8ed609465e289fa70e_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"\\displaystyle D= \\begin{pmatrix}-1&amp;0\\\\[1.1ex] 0&amp;2\\end{pmatrix}\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"54\" width=\"110\" style=\"vertical-align: 0px;\"><\/p>\n<\/p>\n<p class=\"has-text-align-left\"> Lembre-se de que os autovalores devem ser colocados na mesma ordem em que os autovetores s\u00e3o colocados na matriz<\/p>\n<\/p>\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/mathority.org\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-650eb7688af6737ac325425b5c9a5982_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"P\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"12\" width=\"14\" style=\"vertical-align: 0px;\"><\/p>\n<p> .<\/p>\n<p class=\"has-text-align-left\"> Concluindo, a matriz de mudan\u00e7a de base e a matriz diagonalizada s\u00e3o: <\/p>\n<\/p>\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/mathority.org\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-60358333f16516ac0d64d12891ef6ea5_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"\\displaystyle P = \\begin{pmatrix}-1&amp;-4 \\\\[1.1ex] 1&amp;1\\end{pmatrix} \\qquad D= \\begin{pmatrix}-1&amp;0\\\\[1.1ex] 0&amp;2\\end{pmatrix}\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"54\" width=\"276\" style=\"vertical-align: 0px;\"><\/p>\n<\/p>\n<div class=\"wp-block-otfm-box-spoiler-end otfm-sp_end\"><\/div>\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Exerc\u00edcio 3<\/h3>\n<p> Diagonalize a seguinte matriz quadrada de dimens\u00e3o 3\u00d73: <\/p>\n<\/p>\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/mathority.org\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-8fc8797c8c0354ff540e340b82cb9258_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"\\displaystyle A= \\begin{pmatrix}2&amp;0&amp;2\\\\[1.1ex] -1&amp;2&amp;1\\\\[1.1ex] 0&amp;1&amp;4\\end{pmatrix}\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"85\" width=\"136\" style=\"vertical-align: 0px;\"><\/p>\n<\/p>\n<div class=\"wp-block-otfm-box-spoiler-start otfm-sp__wrapper otfm-sp__box js-otfm-sp-box__closed otfm-sp__E3F2FD boto_ver_solucion\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-expanded=\"false\" data-otfm-spc=\"#E3F2FD\" style=\"text-align:center\">\n<div class=\"otfm-sp__title\"> <strong>Veja a solu\u00e7\u00e3o<\/strong><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p class=\"has-text-align-left\"> O primeiro passo consiste em encontrar os autovalores da matriz A. Calculamos, portanto, a equa\u00e7\u00e3o caracter\u00edstica resolvendo o determinante da seguinte matriz:<\/p>\n<\/p>\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/mathority.org\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-280aeb93bd229f34fe255f368390ae6a_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"\\displaystyle \\text{det}(A-\\lambda I)= \\begin{vmatrix}2-\\lambda&amp;0&amp;2\\\\[1.1ex] -1&amp;2-\\lambda&amp;1\\\\[1.1ex] 0&amp;1&amp;4-\\lambda \\end{vmatrix} = -\\lambda^3+8\\lambda^2-19\\lambda+12\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"86\" width=\"476\" style=\"vertical-align: 0px;\"><\/p>\n<\/p>\n<p class=\"has-text-align-left\"> Devemos agora calcular as ra\u00edzes do polin\u00f4mio caracter\u00edstico. Por se tratar de um polin\u00f4mio de terceiro grau, aplicamos a regra de Ruffini:<\/p>\n<\/p>\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/mathority.org\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-9fc16d8c9420ece9152119b48f249df9_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"\\displaystyle \\begin{array}{r|rrrr} &amp; -1&amp;8&amp;-19&amp; 12 \\\\[2ex] 1 &amp; &amp; -1&amp;7&amp;-12 \\\\ \\hline &amp;-1\\vphantom{\\Bigl)}&amp;7&amp;-12&amp;0 \\end{array}\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"93\" width=\"199\" style=\"vertical-align: 0px;\"><\/p>\n<\/p>\n<p class=\"has-text-align-left\"> E ent\u00e3o encontramos as ra\u00edzes do polin\u00f4mio obtido: <\/p>\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\">\n<\/p>\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/mathority.org\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-e07297a9da80525b94e7af1914f403be_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"\\displaystyle -\\lambda^2+7\\lambda -12=0 \\ \\longrightarrow \\ \\begin{cases} \\lambda = 3 \\\\[2ex] \\lambda = 4 \\end{cases}\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"65\" width=\"252\" style=\"vertical-align: 0px;\"><\/p>\n<\/p>\n<p class=\"has-text-align-left\"> Portanto, os autovalores da matriz s\u00e3o:<\/p>\n<\/p>\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/mathority.org\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-798eb40221e94ae6f384d824bcc76998_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"\\lambda=1 \\qquad \\lambda =3 \\qquad \\lambda = 4\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"12\" width=\"200\" style=\"vertical-align: 0px;\"><\/p>\n<\/p>\n<p class=\"has-text-align-left\"> Uma vez encontrados os autovalores, calculamos o autovetor associado a cada um deles. Primeiro, o autovetor correspondente ao autovalor 1: <\/p>\n<\/p>\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/mathority.org\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-10506efea4c355e8449378bc3a1948a9_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"\\displaystyle (A-I)v=0\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"19\" width=\"99\" style=\"vertical-align: -5px;\"><\/p>\n<\/p>\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/mathority.org\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-c50b6b424d6465f208981f3f89213bb2_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"\\displaystyle \\begin{pmatrix}1&amp;0&amp;2\\\\[1.1ex] -1&amp;1&amp;1\\\\[1.1ex] 0&amp;1&amp;3\\end{pmatrix}\\begin{pmatrix}x \\\\[1.1ex] y \\\\[1.1ex] z \\end{pmatrix} =\\begin{pmatrix}0 \\\\[1.1ex] 0 \\\\[1.1ex] 0\\end{pmatrix}\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"85\" width=\"202\" style=\"vertical-align: 0px;\"><\/p>\n<\/p>\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/mathority.org\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-8c810793db36ac827b71d01324760cee_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"\\displaystyle \\left.\\begin{array}{l} x+2z = 0 \\\\[2ex] -x+y+z = 0\\\\[2ex] y+3z = 0\\end{array}\\right\\} \\longrightarrow \\ \\begin{array}{l}x=-2z \\\\[2ex] y = -3z \\end{array}\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"97\" width=\"260\" style=\"vertical-align: 0px;\"><\/p>\n<\/p>\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/mathority.org\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-88fc97c4f3a0e5a6d79978e154230e22_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"\\displaystyle v = \\begin{pmatrix}-2 \\\\[1.1ex] -3 \\\\[1.1ex] 1\\end{pmatrix}\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"85\" width=\"82\" style=\"vertical-align: 0px;\"><\/p>\n<\/p>\n<p class=\"has-text-align-left\"> Em seguida, calculamos o autovetor associado ao autovalor 3: <\/p>\n<\/p>\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/mathority.org\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-50e802072a0f6e2942bc873d6a466909_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"\\displaystyle (A-3I)v=0\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"19\" width=\"108\" style=\"vertical-align: -5px;\"><\/p>\n<\/p>\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/mathority.org\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-05bcbb328be85066bb142c990bbfad99_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"\\displaystyle \\begin{pmatrix}-1&amp;0&amp;2\\\\[1.1ex] -1&amp;-1&amp;1\\\\[1.1ex] 0&amp;1&amp;1\\end{pmatrix}\\begin{pmatrix}x \\\\[1.1ex] y \\\\[1.1ex] z \\end{pmatrix} =\\begin{pmatrix}0 \\\\[1.1ex] 0 \\\\[1.1ex] 0\\end{pmatrix}\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"85\" width=\"216\" style=\"vertical-align: 0px;\"><\/p>\n<\/p>\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/mathority.org\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-656b90b758fe5ab6178efdfcbef399ef_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"\\displaystyle \\left.\\begin{array}{l} -x+2z = 0 \\\\[2ex] -x-y+z = 0\\\\[2ex] y+z = 0\\end{array}\\right\\} \\longrightarrow \\ \\begin{array}{l}x=2z \\\\[2ex] y = -z \\end{array}\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"97\" width=\"250\" style=\"vertical-align: 0px;\"><\/p>\n<\/p>\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/mathority.org\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-33033f69510447ef3684a67e835bd578_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"\\displaystyle v = \\begin{pmatrix}2 \\\\[1.1ex] -1 \\\\[1.1ex] 1\\end{pmatrix}\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"85\" width=\"82\" style=\"vertical-align: 0px;\"><\/p>\n<\/p>\n<p class=\"has-text-align-left\"> E por fim, calculamos o autovetor associado ao autovalor 4: <\/p>\n<\/p>\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/mathority.org\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-0545c0847763140ccc62a58cf4207c6c_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"\\displaystyle (A-4I)v=0\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"19\" width=\"108\" style=\"vertical-align: -5px;\"><\/p>\n<\/p>\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/mathority.org\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-1f455bc39f72a9b8141ba714bd72a0e5_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"\\displaystyle \\begin{pmatrix}-2&amp;0&amp;2\\\\[1.1ex] -1&amp;-2&amp;1\\\\[1.1ex] 0&amp;1&amp;0\\end{pmatrix}\\begin{pmatrix}x \\\\[1.1ex] y \\\\[1.1ex] z \\end{pmatrix} =\\begin{pmatrix}0 \\\\[1.1ex] 0 \\\\[1.1ex] 0\\end{pmatrix}\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"85\" width=\"216\" style=\"vertical-align: 0px;\"><\/p>\n<\/p>\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/mathority.org\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-dd0ebc259ff2665ef3c4c3a3b1692e2e_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"\\displaystyle \\left.\\begin{array}{l} -2x+2z = 0 \\\\[2ex] -x-2y+z = 0\\\\[2ex] y = 0\\end{array}\\right\\} \\longrightarrow \\ \\begin{array}{l}x=z \\\\[2ex] y = 0 \\end{array}\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"97\" width=\"246\" style=\"vertical-align: 0px;\"><\/p>\n<\/p>\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/mathority.org\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-308b2f0f597fcc084d8d06d6c45fd3e5_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"\\displaystyle v = \\begin{pmatrix}1 \\\\[1.1ex] 0 \\\\[1.1ex] 1\\end{pmatrix}\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"85\" width=\"68\" style=\"vertical-align: 0px;\"><\/p>\n<\/p>\n<p class=\"has-text-align-left\"> N\u00f3s constru\u00edmos a matriz<\/p>\n<\/p>\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/mathority.org\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-650eb7688af6737ac325425b5c9a5982_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"P\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"12\" width=\"14\" style=\"vertical-align: 0px;\"><\/p>\n<p> , formado pelos autovetores da matriz:<\/p>\n<\/p>\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/mathority.org\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-f1f57ccbb391403b5e4af625900516cc_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"\\displaystyle  P = \\begin{pmatrix}-2&amp;2&amp;1 \\\\[1.1ex] -3&amp;-1&amp;0 \\\\[1.1ex] 1&amp;1&amp;1 \\end{pmatrix}\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"85\" width=\"150\" style=\"vertical-align: 0px;\"><\/p>\n<\/p>\n<p class=\"has-text-align-left\"> Como todos os autovalores s\u00e3o diferentes entre si, a matriz A \u00e9 diagonaliz\u00e1vel. Assim a matriz diagonal correspondente \u00e9 aquela que possui os autovalores na diagonal principal:<\/p>\n<\/p>\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/mathority.org\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-e88d2a690d31a9ca772d185078f69d3f_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"\\displaystyle D= \\begin{pmatrix}1&amp;0&amp;0\\\\[1.1ex] 0&amp;3&amp;0 \\\\[1.1ex] 0&amp;0&amp;4\\end{pmatrix}\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"85\" width=\"124\" style=\"vertical-align: 0px;\"><\/p>\n<\/p>\n<p class=\"has-text-align-left\"> Lembre-se de que os autovalores devem ser colocados na mesma ordem em que os autovetores s\u00e3o colocados na matriz<\/p>\n<\/p>\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/mathority.org\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-650eb7688af6737ac325425b5c9a5982_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"P\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"12\" width=\"14\" style=\"vertical-align: 0px;\"><\/p>\n<p> .<\/p>\n<p class=\"has-text-align-left\"> Resumindo, a matriz de mudan\u00e7a de base e a matriz diagonalizada s\u00e3o: <\/p>\n<\/p>\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/mathority.org\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-d6fdff19d2d1e3f58ba1898dc456711d_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"\\displaystyle P = \\begin{pmatrix}-2&amp;2&amp;1 \\\\[1.1ex] -3&amp;-1&amp;0 \\\\[1.1ex] 1&amp;1&amp;1\\end{pmatrix} \\qquad D= \\begin{pmatrix}1&amp;0&amp;0\\\\[1.1ex] 0&amp;3&amp;0 \\\\[1.1ex] 0&amp;0&amp;4\\end{pmatrix}\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"85\" width=\"318\" style=\"vertical-align: 0px;\"><\/p>\n<\/p>\n<div class=\"wp-block-otfm-box-spoiler-end otfm-sp_end\"><\/div>\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Exerc\u00edcio 4<\/h3>\n<p> Diagonalize, se poss\u00edvel, a seguinte matriz quadrada de ordem 3: <\/p>\n<\/p>\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/mathority.org\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-628e7e12a0d8ccde5bb1fb2626663910_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"\\displaystyle A= \\begin{pmatrix}-1&amp;3&amp;1\\\\[1.1ex] 0&amp;2&amp;0\\\\[1.1ex] 3&amp;-1&amp;1\\end{pmatrix}\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"85\" width=\"150\" style=\"vertical-align: 0px;\"><\/p>\n<\/p>\n<div class=\"wp-block-otfm-box-spoiler-start otfm-sp__wrapper otfm-sp__box js-otfm-sp-box__closed otfm-sp__E3F2FD boto_ver_solucion\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-expanded=\"false\" data-otfm-spc=\"#E3F2FD\" style=\"text-align:center\">\n<div class=\"otfm-sp__title\"> <strong>Veja a solu\u00e7\u00e3o<\/strong><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p class=\"has-text-align-left\"> O primeiro passo consiste em encontrar os autovalores da matriz A. Calculamos, portanto, a equa\u00e7\u00e3o caracter\u00edstica resolvendo o determinante da seguinte matriz:<\/p>\n<\/p>\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/mathority.org\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-30678afffed54546baac35a9eeda7e74_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"\\displaystyle \\text{det}(A-\\lambda I)= \\begin{vmatrix}-1-\\lambda&amp;3&amp;1\\\\[1.1ex] 0&amp;2-\\lambda&amp;0\\\\[1.1ex] 3&amp;-1&amp;1-\\lambda \\end{vmatrix} = -\\lambda^3+2\\lambda^2+4\\lambda-8\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"86\" width=\"473\" style=\"vertical-align: 0px;\"><\/p>\n<\/p>\n<p class=\"has-text-align-left\"> Devemos agora calcular as ra\u00edzes do polin\u00f4mio m\u00ednimo. Por se tratar de um polin\u00f4mio de terceiro grau, aplicamos a regra de Ruffini para fator\u00e1-lo:<\/p>\n<\/p>\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/mathority.org\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-1022b20e607032ce89202906035a1315_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"\\displaystyle \\begin{array}{r|rrrr} &amp; -1&amp;2&amp;\\phantom{-}4&amp; -8 \\\\[2ex] 2 &amp; &amp; -2&amp;0&amp;8 \\\\ \\hline &amp;-1\\vphantom{\\Bigl)}&amp;0&amp;4&amp;0 \\end{array}\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"93\" width=\"181\" style=\"vertical-align: 0px;\"><\/p>\n<\/p>\n<p class=\"has-text-align-left\"> E ent\u00e3o encontramos as ra\u00edzes do polin\u00f4mio obtido:<\/p>\n<\/p>\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/mathority.org\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-ef5a87ff07eca3feb9798f85cd0b21c7_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"\\displaystyle -\\lambda^2+4=0 \\ \\longrightarrow \\ \\begin{cases} \\lambda = +2 \\\\[2ex] \\lambda = -2 \\end{cases}\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"65\" width=\"216\" style=\"vertical-align: 0px;\"><\/p>\n<\/p>\n<p class=\"has-text-align-left\"> Portanto, os autovalores da matriz s\u00e3o:<\/p>\n<\/p>\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/mathority.org\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-76aa799dc37e1ba9c8839ac219e2047f_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"\\lambda=2 \\qquad \\lambda =2 \\qquad \\lambda = -2\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"12\" width=\"213\" style=\"vertical-align: 0px;\"><\/p>\n<\/p>\n<p class=\"has-text-align-left\"> O autovalor de -2 \u00e9 de multiplicidade alg\u00e9brica simples, por outro lado o autovalor de 2 \u00e9 de dupla multiplicidade.<\/p>\n<p class=\"has-text-align-left\"> Uma vez encontrados os autovalores, calculamos o autovetor associado a cada um deles. Primeiro, o autovetor correspondente ao autovalor -2: <\/p>\n<\/p>\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/mathority.org\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-70c2775e4e4ba721178bb0bb01743b0a_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"\\displaystyle (A+2I)v=0\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"19\" width=\"108\" style=\"vertical-align: -5px;\"><\/p>\n<\/p>\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/mathority.org\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-f548e75ebc3648368d043737d26c3141_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"\\displaystyle \\begin{pmatrix}1&amp;3&amp;1\\\\[1.1ex] 0&amp;4&amp;0\\\\[1.1ex] 3&amp;-1&amp;3\\end{pmatrix}\\begin{pmatrix}x \\\\[1.1ex] y \\\\[1.1ex] z \\end{pmatrix} =\\begin{pmatrix}0 \\\\[1.1ex] 0 \\\\[1.1ex] 0\\end{pmatrix}\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"85\" width=\"202\" style=\"vertical-align: 0px;\"><\/p>\n<\/p>\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/mathority.org\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-eda9945255b333b217a9c40fc90fb632_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"\\displaystyle \\left.\\begin{array}{l} x+3y+z = 0 \\\\[2ex] 4y = 0\\\\[2ex] 3x-y+3z = 0\\end{array}\\right\\} \\longrightarrow \\ \\begin{array}{l}y=0 \\\\[2ex] x = -z \\end{array}\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"97\" width=\"255\" style=\"vertical-align: 0px;\"><\/p>\n<\/p>\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/mathority.org\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-e79ea01eaeac74b4cf803f470fbb329b_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"\\displaystyle v = \\begin{pmatrix}1 \\\\[1.1ex] 0 \\\\[1.1ex] -1\\end{pmatrix}\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"85\" width=\"82\" style=\"vertical-align: 0px;\"><\/p>\n<\/p>\n<p class=\"has-text-align-left\"> Vamos agora calcular os autovetores associados aos autovalores 2. <\/p>\n<\/p>\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/mathority.org\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-6c6944f71d79a33d4789affbc82db4c1_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"\\displaystyle (A-2I)v=0\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"19\" width=\"108\" style=\"vertical-align: -5px;\"><\/p>\n<\/p>\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/mathority.org\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-53c61e86f8559cae71cca6a111379645_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"\\displaystyle \\begin{pmatrix}-3&amp;3&amp;1\\\\[1.1ex] 0&amp;0&amp;0\\\\[1.1ex] 3&amp;-1&amp;-1\\end{pmatrix}\\begin{pmatrix}x \\\\[1.1ex] y \\\\[1.1ex] z \\end{pmatrix} =\\begin{pmatrix}0 \\\\[1.1ex] 0 \\\\[1.1ex] 0\\end{pmatrix}\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"85\" width=\"229\" style=\"vertical-align: 0px;\"><\/p>\n<\/p>\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/mathority.org\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-9de45793fef0fd80dff4c8013e9d444d_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"\\displaystyle \\left.\\begin{array}{l} -3x+3y+z = 0 \\\\[2ex] 0= 0\\\\[2ex] 3x-y-z = 0\\end{array}\\right\\} \\longrightarrow \\ \\begin{array}{l}y=0 \\\\[2ex] z=3x \\end{array}\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"97\" width=\"264\" style=\"vertical-align: 0px;\"><\/p>\n<\/p>\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/mathority.org\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-e90d075bde6188e524147bdd92aa203d_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"\\displaystyle v = \\begin{pmatrix}1 \\\\[1.1ex] 0 \\\\[1.1ex] 3\\end{pmatrix}\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"85\" width=\"68\" style=\"vertical-align: 0px;\"><\/p>\n<\/p>\n<p class=\"has-text-align-left\"> Como o autovalor 2 \u00e9 repetido duas vezes, precisamos calcular outro autovetor que satisfa\u00e7a as equa\u00e7\u00f5es do subespa\u00e7o (ou autoespa\u00e7o):<\/p>\n<\/p>\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/mathority.org\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-517e77ee4e68f74541ce05ff82fe8188_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"\\displaystyle v = \\begin{pmatrix}-1 \\\\[1.1ex] 0 \\\\[1.1ex] -3\\end{pmatrix}\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"85\" width=\"82\" style=\"vertical-align: 0px;\"><\/p>\n<\/p>\n<p class=\"has-text-align-left\"> N\u00f3s constru\u00edmos a matriz<\/p>\n<\/p>\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/mathority.org\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-650eb7688af6737ac325425b5c9a5982_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"P\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"12\" width=\"14\" style=\"vertical-align: 0px;\"><\/p>\n<p> , formado pelos tr\u00eas autovetores da matriz:<\/p>\n<\/p>\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/mathority.org\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-6a457d6a8a6af3a42596803162118e90_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"\\displaystyle  P = \\begin{pmatrix}1&amp;1&amp;-1 \\\\[1.1ex] 0&amp;0&amp;0 \\\\[1.1ex] -1&amp;3&amp;-3 \\end{pmatrix}\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"85\" width=\"150\" style=\"vertical-align: 0px;\"><\/p>\n<\/p>\n<p class=\"has-text-align-left\"> No entanto, os tr\u00eas vetores n\u00e3o s\u00e3o linearmente independentes, uma vez que obviamente os dois autovetores com autovalor 2 s\u00e3o uma combina\u00e7\u00e3o linear um do outro. Isso tamb\u00e9m pode ser demonstrado porque o determinante da matriz<\/p>\n<\/p>\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/mathority.org\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-650eb7688af6737ac325425b5c9a5982_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"P\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"12\" width=\"14\" style=\"vertical-align: 0px;\"><\/p>\n<p> \u00e9 igual a 0 (tem uma linha cheia de zeros):<\/p>\n<\/p>\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/mathority.org\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-eef0b8cbbbfc27e1f11bee978f009064_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"\\displaystyle \\text{det}(P) = \\begin{vmatrix}1&amp;1&amp;-1 \\\\[1.1ex] 0&amp;0&amp;0 \\\\[1.1ex] -1&amp;3&amp;-3 \\end{vmatrix}=0\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"86\" width=\"207\" style=\"vertical-align: 0px;\"><\/p>\n<\/p>\n<p class=\"has-text-align-left\"> Portanto, como os autovetores s\u00e3o linearmente dependentes, <strong>a matriz A n\u00e3o \u00e9 diagonaliz\u00e1vel<\/strong> .<\/p>\n<div class=\"wp-block-otfm-box-spoiler-end otfm-sp_end\"><\/div>\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"> Exerc\u00edcio 5<\/h3>\n<p> Se poss\u00edvel, diagonalize a seguinte matriz quadrada de tamanho 3\u00d73: <\/p>\n<\/p>\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/mathority.org\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-c00122db1c4520c4ff5907ba29c05647_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"\\displaystyle A= \\begin{pmatrix}3&amp;0&amp;0\\\\[1.1ex] 0&amp;2&amp;1\\\\[1.1ex] 0&amp;1&amp;2\\end{pmatrix}\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"85\" width=\"122\" style=\"vertical-align: 0px;\"><\/p>\n<\/p>\n<div class=\"wp-block-otfm-box-spoiler-start otfm-sp__wrapper otfm-sp__box js-otfm-sp-box__closed otfm-sp__E3F2FD boto_ver_solucion\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-expanded=\"false\" data-otfm-spc=\"#E3F2FD\" style=\"text-align:center\">\n<div class=\"otfm-sp__title\"> <strong>Veja a solu\u00e7\u00e3o<\/strong><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p class=\"has-text-align-left\"> O primeiro passo consiste em encontrar os autovalores da matriz A. Calculamos, portanto, a equa\u00e7\u00e3o caracter\u00edstica resolvendo o determinante da seguinte matriz:<\/p>\n<\/p>\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/mathority.org\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-0bc2d83752a7ea5c3532047677b123b4_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"\\displaystyle \\text{det}(A-\\lambda I)= \\begin{vmatrix}3-\\lambda&amp;0&amp;0\\\\[1.1ex] 0&amp;2-\\lambda&amp;1\\\\[1.1ex] 0&amp;1&amp;2-\\lambda \\end{vmatrix}\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"86\" width=\"281\" style=\"vertical-align: 0px;\"><\/p>\n<\/p>\n<p class=\"has-text-align-left\"> Como a primeira linha \u00e9 inteiramente composta por zeros exceto 3, aproveitaremos isso para resolver o determinante da matriz por cofatores (ou adjuntos):<\/p>\n<\/p>\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/mathority.org\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-f27c9abc6047b2289c6dca75524c36b1_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"\\displaystyle \\begin{aligned} \\begin{vmatrix}3-\\lambda&amp;0&amp;0\\\\[1.1ex] 0&amp;2-\\lambda&amp;1\\\\[1.1ex] 0&amp;1&amp;2-\\lambda \\end{vmatrix}&amp; = (3-\\lambda)\\cdot  \\begin{vmatrix} 2-\\lambda&amp;1\\\\[1.1ex]1&amp;2-\\lambda \\end{vmatrix} \\\\[3ex] &amp; = (3-\\lambda)[\\lambda^2 -4\\lambda +3] \\end{aligned}\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"136\" width=\"364\" style=\"vertical-align: 0px;\"><\/p>\n<\/p>\n<p class=\"has-text-align-left\"> Agora precisamos calcular as ra\u00edzes do polin\u00f4mio caracter\u00edstico. \u00c9 melhor n\u00e3o multiplicar os par\u00eanteses porque obteria um polin\u00f4mio de terceiro grau. Por outro lado, se os dois fatores forem resolvidos separadamente, \u00e9 mais f\u00e1cil obter os autovalores:<\/p>\n<\/p>\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/mathority.org\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-51bd286d6b714a75da7b952b21b01000_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"\\displaystyle (3-\\lambda)[\\lambda^2 -4\\lambda +3]=0 \\ \\longrightarrow \\ \\begin{cases} 3-\\lambda=0 \\ \\longrightarrow \\ \\lambda = 3 \\\\[2ex] \\lambda^2 -4\\lambda +3=0 \\ \\longrightarrow \\begin{cases}\\lambda = 1 \\\\[2ex] \\lambda = 3 \\end{cases} \\end{cases}\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"107\" width=\"476\" style=\"vertical-align: 0px;\"><\/p>\n<\/p>\n<p class=\"has-text-align-left\"> Portanto, os autovalores da matriz s\u00e3o:<\/p>\n<\/p>\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/mathority.org\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-0cab1e45f633f7419506c6af08ec1f6c_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"\\lambda=1 \\qquad \\lambda =3 \\qquad \\lambda = 3\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"12\" width=\"200\" style=\"vertical-align: 0px;\"><\/p>\n<\/p>\n<p class=\"has-text-align-left\"> Uma vez encontrados os autovalores, calculamos o autovetor associado a cada um deles. Primeiro, o autovetor correspondente ao autovalor 1: <\/p>\n<\/p>\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/mathority.org\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-10506efea4c355e8449378bc3a1948a9_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"\\displaystyle (A-I)v=0\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"19\" width=\"99\" style=\"vertical-align: -5px;\"><\/p>\n<\/p>\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/mathority.org\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-8e830c9d5e670fac1f34cbd469a11255_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"\\displaystyle \\begin{pmatrix}2&amp;0&amp;0\\\\[1.1ex] 0&amp;1&amp;1\\\\[1.1ex] 0&amp;1&amp;1\\end{pmatrix}\\begin{pmatrix}x \\\\[1.1ex] y \\\\[1.1ex] z \\end{pmatrix} =\\begin{pmatrix}0 \\\\[1.1ex] 0 \\\\[1.1ex] 0\\end{pmatrix}\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"85\" width=\"188\" style=\"vertical-align: 0px;\"><\/p>\n<\/p>\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/mathority.org\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-a2afb8e9c13b45197cd1b96c25dd7f9c_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"\\displaystyle \\left.\\begin{array}{l} 2x = 0 \\\\[2ex] y+z = 0\\\\[2ex] y+z = 0\\end{array}\\right\\} \\longrightarrow \\ \\begin{array}{l}x=0 \\\\[2ex] y = -z \\end{array}\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"97\" width=\"205\" style=\"vertical-align: 0px;\"><\/p>\n<\/p>\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/mathority.org\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-e82a93f938d6438a3f8caf32715cc3d8_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"\\displaystyle v = \\begin{pmatrix}0 \\\\[1.1ex] -1 \\\\[1.1ex] 1\\end{pmatrix}\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"85\" width=\"82\" style=\"vertical-align: 0px;\"><\/p>\n<\/p>\n<p class=\"has-text-align-left\"> Em seguida, calculamos os autovetores associados aos autovalores 3: <\/p>\n<\/p>\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/mathority.org\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-50e802072a0f6e2942bc873d6a466909_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"\\displaystyle (A-3I)v=0\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"19\" width=\"108\" style=\"vertical-align: -5px;\"><\/p>\n<\/p>\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/mathority.org\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-4e32cf06d1621a90bae143448d4fa348_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"\\displaystyle \\begin{pmatrix}0&amp;0&amp;0\\\\[1.1ex] 0&amp;-1&amp;1\\\\[1.1ex] 0&amp;1&amp;-1\\end{pmatrix}\\begin{pmatrix}x \\\\[1.1ex] y \\\\[1.1ex] z \\end{pmatrix} =\\begin{pmatrix}0 \\\\[1.1ex] 0 \\\\[1.1ex] 0\\end{pmatrix}\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"85\" width=\"216\" style=\"vertical-align: 0px;\"><\/p>\n<\/p>\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/mathority.org\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-d52817f384fe99c1ecc4dce8034d138f_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"\\displaystyle \\left.\\begin{array}{l} 0 = 0 \\\\[2ex] -y+z = 0\\\\[2ex] y-z = 0\\end{array}\\right\\} \\longrightarrow \\ \\begin{array}{l}y=z  \\end{array}\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"97\" width=\"205\" style=\"vertical-align: 0px;\"><\/p>\n<\/p>\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/mathority.org\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-4f56725fbe621b829ccd3de6e289af91_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"\\displaystyle v = \\begin{pmatrix}0 \\\\[1.1ex] 1 \\\\[1.1ex] 1\\end{pmatrix}\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"85\" width=\"68\" style=\"vertical-align: 0px;\"><\/p>\n<\/p>\n<p class=\"has-text-align-left\"> Como o autovalor 3 \u00e9 repetido duas vezes, precisamos calcular outro autovetor que satisfa\u00e7a as equa\u00e7\u00f5es do autoespa\u00e7o:<\/p>\n<\/p>\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/mathority.org\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-d53a91ff3ef0a02d62956e7517bff871_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"\\displaystyle v = \\begin{pmatrix}1 \\\\[1.1ex] 0 \\\\[1.1ex] 0\\end{pmatrix}\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"85\" width=\"68\" style=\"vertical-align: 0px;\"><\/p>\n<\/p>\n<p class=\"has-text-align-left\"> N\u00f3s constru\u00edmos a matriz<\/p>\n<\/p>\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/mathority.org\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-650eb7688af6737ac325425b5c9a5982_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"P\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"12\" width=\"14\" style=\"vertical-align: 0px;\"><\/p>\n<p> , formado pelos autovetores da matriz:<\/p>\n<\/p>\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/mathority.org\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-01c9824b06a22d012e8d7f7d10b3d411_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"\\displaystyle  P = \\begin{pmatrix}0&amp;0&amp;1 \\\\[1.1ex] -1&amp;1&amp;0 \\\\[1.1ex] 1&amp;1&amp;0 \\end{pmatrix}\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"85\" width=\"137\" style=\"vertical-align: 0px;\"><\/p>\n<\/p>\n<p class=\"has-text-align-left\"> Ao contr\u00e1rio do exerc\u00edcio 4, neste caso conseguimos formar 3 vetores linearmente independentes embora a multiplicidade alg\u00e9brica do autovalor 3 seja dupla. Isso pode ser verificado vendo que o determinante da matriz<\/p>\n<\/p>\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/mathority.org\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-650eb7688af6737ac325425b5c9a5982_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"P\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"12\" width=\"14\" style=\"vertical-align: 0px;\"><\/p>\n<p> d\u00e1 um resultado diferente de 0:<\/p>\n<\/p>\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/mathority.org\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-5b64f45987701e73cd19b7ca0183e20f_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"\\displaystyle \\text{det}(P) = \\begin{vmatrix}0&amp;0&amp;1 \\\\[1.1ex] -1&amp;1&amp;0 \\\\[1.1ex] 1&amp;1&amp;0 \\end{vmatrix} =-2 \\neq 0\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"86\" width=\"239\" style=\"vertical-align: 0px;\"><\/p>\n<\/p>\n<p class=\"has-text-align-left\"> Podemos assim realizar a decomposi\u00e7\u00e3o diagonal da matriz A. E a matriz diagonal correspondente \u00e9 aquela que possui os autovalores na diagonal principal:<\/p>\n<\/p>\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/mathority.org\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-428f628ac9ba4c7ae6eb615b0e726735_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"\\displaystyle D= \\begin{pmatrix}1&amp;0&amp;0\\\\[1.1ex] 0&amp;3&amp;0 \\\\[1.1ex] 0&amp;0&amp;3\\end{pmatrix}\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"85\" width=\"124\" style=\"vertical-align: 0px;\"><\/p>\n<\/p>\n<p class=\"has-text-align-left\"> Lembre-se de que os autovalores devem ser colocados na mesma ordem em que os autovetores s\u00e3o colocados na matriz<\/p>\n<\/p>\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/mathority.org\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-650eb7688af6737ac325425b5c9a5982_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"P\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"12\" width=\"14\" style=\"vertical-align: 0px;\"><\/p>\n<p> .<\/p>\n<p class=\"has-text-align-left\"> Resumindo, a matriz de mudan\u00e7a de base necess\u00e1ria para diagonalizar a matriz e sua forma diagonalizada s\u00e3o:<\/p>\n<\/p>\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/mathority.org\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-d6fc326a197ddeb33da66d0ecbb5f3b1_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"\\displaystyle P = \\begin{pmatrix}0&amp;0&amp;1 \\\\[1.1ex] -1&amp;1&amp;0 \\\\[1.1ex] 1&amp;1&amp;0 \\end{pmatrix}\\qquad D= \\begin{pmatrix}1&amp;0&amp;0\\\\[1.1ex] 0&amp;3&amp;0 \\\\[1.1ex] 0&amp;0&amp;3\\end{pmatrix}\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"85\" width=\"304\" style=\"vertical-align: 0px;\"><\/p>\n<\/p>\n<div class=\"wp-block-otfm-box-spoiler-end otfm-sp_end\"><\/div>\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Exerc\u00edcio 6<\/h3>\n<p> Fa\u00e7a a diagonaliza\u00e7\u00e3o, se poss\u00edvel, da seguinte matriz de dimens\u00e3o 4\u00d74: <\/p>\n<\/p>\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/mathority.org\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-b25cef0f514564a0206c2f8a588bd346_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"\\displaystyle A=\\begin{pmatrix}2&amp;1&amp;2&amp;0\\\\[1.1ex] 1&amp;-3&amp;1&amp;0\\\\[1.1ex] 0&amp;-1&amp;0&amp;0\\\\[1.1ex] 0&amp;0&amp;0&amp;5\\end{pmatrix}\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"107\" width=\"161\" style=\"vertical-align: 0px;\"><\/p>\n<\/p>\n<div class=\"wp-block-otfm-box-spoiler-start otfm-sp__wrapper otfm-sp__box js-otfm-sp-box__closed otfm-sp__E3F2FD boto_ver_solucion\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-expanded=\"false\" data-otfm-spc=\"#E3F2FD\" style=\"text-align:center\">\n<div class=\"otfm-sp__title\"> <strong>Veja a solu\u00e7\u00e3o<\/strong><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p class=\"has-text-align-left\"> O primeiro passo consiste em encontrar os autovalores da matriz A. Calculamos, portanto, a equa\u00e7\u00e3o caracter\u00edstica resolvendo o determinante da seguinte matriz:<\/p>\n<\/p>\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/mathority.org\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-7cacf7f3b5f63ab816368aaa866e5762_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"\\displaystyle \\text{det}(A-\\lambda I)= \\begin{vmatrix}2-\\lambda&amp;1&amp;2&amp;0\\\\[1.1ex] 1&amp;-3-\\lambda&amp;1&amp;0\\\\[1.1ex] 0&amp;-1&amp;-\\lambda&amp;0\\\\[1.1ex] 0&amp;0&amp;0&amp;5-\\lambda\\end{vmatrix}\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"108\" width=\"335\" style=\"vertical-align: 0px;\"><\/p>\n<\/p>\n<p class=\"has-text-align-left\"> Neste caso, a \u00faltima coluna do determinante \u00e9 composta apenas por zeros exceto um elemento, portanto aproveitaremos isso para calcular o determinante por cofatores atrav\u00e9s desta coluna:<\/p>\n<\/p>\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/mathority.org\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-4211dd57b179125aa12310419b051ccb_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"\\displaystyle \\begin{aligned} \\begin{vmatrix}2-\\lambda&amp;1&amp;2&amp;0\\\\[1.1ex] 1&amp;-3-\\lambda&amp;1&amp;0\\\\[1.1ex] 0&amp;-1&amp;-\\lambda&amp;0\\\\[1.1ex] 0&amp;0&amp;0&amp;5-\\lambda\\end{vmatrix}&amp; = (5-\\lambda)\\cdot  \\begin{vmatrix}2-\\lambda&amp;1&amp;2\\\\[1.1ex] 1&amp;-3-\\lambda&amp;1\\\\[1.1ex] 0&amp;-1&amp;-\\lambda\\end{vmatrix}\\\\[3ex] &amp; = (5-\\lambda)[-\\lambda^3 -\\lambda^2 +6\\lambda] \\end{aligned}\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"161\" width=\"472\" style=\"vertical-align: 0px;\"><\/p>\n<\/p>\n<p class=\"has-text-align-left\"> Devemos agora calcular as ra\u00edzes do polin\u00f4mio caracter\u00edstico. \u00c9 melhor n\u00e3o fazer o produto dos par\u00eanteses porque assim obteria um polin\u00f4mio de quarto grau. Por\u00e9m, se os dois fatores forem resolvidos separadamente, \u00e9 mais f\u00e1cil calcular os autovalores: <\/p>\n<\/p>\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/mathority.org\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-c85f64406d449b4f23e6bbc31ee093b7_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"\\displaystyle (5-\\lambda)[-\\lambda^3 -\\lambda^2 +6\\lambda]=0 \\ \\longrightarrow \\ \\begin{cases} 5-\\lambda=0 \\ \\longrightarrow \\ \\lambda = 5 \\\\[2ex] -\\lambda^3 -\\lambda^2 +6\\lambda =0 \\ \\longrightarrow \\ \\lambda(-\\lambda^2 -\\lambda +6) =0 \\end{cases}\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"65\" width=\"593\" style=\"vertical-align: 0px;\"><\/p>\n<\/p>\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/mathority.org\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-96a7a939f5e7d075a94581b2354f7c79_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"\\displaystyle \\lambda(-\\lambda^2 -\\lambda +6)=0 \\ \\longrightarrow \\ \\begin{cases} \\lambda=0  \\\\[2ex] -\\lambda^2 -\\lambda +6=0 \\ \\longrightarrow \\ \\begin{cases} \\lambda=2 \\\\[2ex] \\lambda = -3 \\end{cases}\\end{cases}\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"107\" width=\"467\" style=\"vertical-align: 0px;\"><\/p>\n<\/p>\n<p class=\"has-text-align-left\"> Portanto, os autovalores da matriz s\u00e3o:<\/p>\n<\/p>\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/mathority.org\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-a035c19d3bf8a877933101ccb35189c8_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"\\lambda=0 \\qquad \\lambda =-3 \\qquad \\lambda = 2\\qquad \\lambda = 5\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"13\" width=\"291\" style=\"vertical-align: 0px;\"><\/p>\n<\/p>\n<p class=\"has-text-align-left\"> Uma vez encontrados todos os autovalores, avan\u00e7amos em dire\u00e7\u00e3o aos autovetores. Calculamos o autovetor associado ao autovalor 0: <\/p>\n<\/p>\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/mathority.org\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-0e3b04137690f84b723e3ed568e1114a_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"\\displaystyle (A-0I)v=0\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"19\" width=\"108\" style=\"vertical-align: -5px;\"><\/p>\n<\/p>\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/mathority.org\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-48e7a88c722f93154455a7d3a139e9e0_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"\\displaystyle \\begin{pmatrix} 2&amp;1&amp;2&amp;0\\\\[1.1ex] 1&amp;-3&amp;1&amp;0\\\\[1.1ex] 0&amp;-1&amp;0&amp;0\\\\[1.1ex] 0&amp;0&amp;0&amp;5\\end{pmatrix}\\begin{pmatrix}w \\\\[1.1ex] x \\\\[1.1ex] y\\\\[1.1ex] z \\end{pmatrix} =\\begin{pmatrix}0 \\\\[1.1ex] 0\\\\[1.1ex] 0 \\\\[1.1ex] 0\\end{pmatrix}\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"107\" width=\"230\" style=\"vertical-align: 0px;\"><\/p>\n<\/p>\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/mathority.org\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-bd06b2978a9da318f23d71c96d5d028e_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"\\displaystyle \\left.\\begin{array}{l} 2w+x+2y = 0 \\\\[2ex] w-3x+y = 0\\\\[2ex] -x=0 \\\\[2ex] 5z=0 \\end{array}\\right\\} \\longrightarrow \\ \\begin{array}{l} x=0 \\\\[2ex] z=0  \\\\[2ex]w=-y \\end{array}\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"129\" width=\"262\" style=\"vertical-align: 0px;\"><\/p>\n<\/p>\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/mathority.org\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-5e6cb2192b1819fcd5216e1ad0b37346_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"\\displaystyle v = \\begin{pmatrix}-1 \\\\[1.1ex] 0 \\\\[1.1ex] 1  \\\\[1.1ex]0 \\end{pmatrix}\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"107\" width=\"82\" style=\"vertical-align: 0px;\"><\/p>\n<\/p>\n<p class=\"has-text-align-left\"> Calculamos o autovetor associado ao autovalor -3: <\/p>\n<\/p>\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/mathority.org\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-a30172d2befd05d52d80c2792c8b917f_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"\\displaystyle (A+3I)v=0\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"19\" width=\"108\" style=\"vertical-align: -5px;\"><\/p>\n<\/p>\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/mathority.org\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-bb4e1e57896d33ad465b139fee1f0069_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"\\displaystyle \\begin{pmatrix} 5&amp;1&amp;2&amp;0\\\\[1.1ex] 1&amp;0&amp;1&amp;0\\\\[1.1ex] 0&amp;-1&amp;3&amp;0\\\\[1.1ex] 0&amp;0&amp;0&amp;8\\end{pmatrix}\\begin{pmatrix}w \\\\[1.1ex] x \\\\[1.1ex] y\\\\[1.1ex] z \\end{pmatrix} =\\begin{pmatrix}0 \\\\[1.1ex] 0\\\\[1.1ex] 0 \\\\[1.1ex] 0\\end{pmatrix}\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"108\" width=\"230\" style=\"vertical-align: 0px;\"><\/p>\n<\/p>\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/mathority.org\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-0190aad5028c9efdaebb2226b863104d_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"\\displaystyle \\left.\\begin{array}{l} 5w+x+2y = 0 \\\\[2ex] w+y = 0\\\\[2ex] -x+3y=0 \\\\[2ex] 8z=0 \\end{array}\\right\\} \\longrightarrow \\ \\begin{array}{l} w=-y  \\\\[2ex]x=3y \\\\[2ex] z=0 \\end{array}\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"129\" width=\"262\" style=\"vertical-align: 0px;\"><\/p>\n<\/p>\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/mathority.org\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-1d4c0c3b06a7cdb14076a2d1dc0eb395_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"\\displaystyle v = \\begin{pmatrix}-1 \\\\[1.1ex] 3 \\\\[1.1ex] 1  \\\\[1.1ex]0 \\end{pmatrix}\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"107\" width=\"82\" style=\"vertical-align: 0px;\"><\/p>\n<\/p>\n<p class=\"has-text-align-left\"> Calculamos o autovetor associado ao autovalor 2: <\/p>\n<\/p>\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/mathority.org\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-6c6944f71d79a33d4789affbc82db4c1_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"\\displaystyle (A-2I)v=0\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"19\" width=\"108\" style=\"vertical-align: -5px;\"><\/p>\n<\/p>\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/mathority.org\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-7263a76e7855eedadeecb32ac4e3a097_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"\\displaystyle \\begin{pmatrix} 0&amp;1&amp;2&amp;0\\\\[1.1ex] 1&amp;-5&amp;1&amp;0\\\\[1.1ex] 0&amp;-1&amp;-2&amp;0\\\\[1.1ex] 0&amp;0&amp;0&amp;3\\end{pmatrix}\\begin{pmatrix}w \\\\[1.1ex] x \\\\[1.1ex] y\\\\[1.1ex] z \\end{pmatrix} =\\begin{pmatrix}0 \\\\[1.1ex] 0\\\\[1.1ex] 0 \\\\[1.1ex] 0\\end{pmatrix}\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"107\" width=\"244\" style=\"vertical-align: 0px;\"><\/p>\n<\/p>\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/mathority.org\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-b1655d285c99ec5c316ac5b56f7a2bfb_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"\\displaystyle \\left.\\begin{array}{l} x+2y = 0 \\\\[2ex] w-5x+y = 0\\\\[2ex] -x-2y=0 \\\\[2ex] 3z=0 \\end{array}\\right\\} \\longrightarrow \\ \\begin{array}{l} x=-2y \\\\[2ex] w=-11y \\\\[2ex] z=0  \\end{array}\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"129\" width=\"271\" style=\"vertical-align: 0px;\"><\/p>\n<\/p>\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/mathority.org\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-4b72552cd6d30c1f940b2c8ebefa911f_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"\\displaystyle v = \\begin{pmatrix}-11 \\\\[1.1ex] -2 \\\\[1.1ex] 1  \\\\[1.1ex]0 \\end{pmatrix}\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"107\" width=\"91\" style=\"vertical-align: 0px;\"><\/p>\n<\/p>\n<p class=\"has-text-align-left\"> Calculamos o autovetor associado ao autovalor 5: <\/p>\n<\/p>\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/mathority.org\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-f48052a078660236820e9f605996e193_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"\\displaystyle (A-5I)v=0\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"19\" width=\"108\" style=\"vertical-align: -5px;\"><\/p>\n<\/p>\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/mathority.org\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-cad6a424d357b8ab8ad0dbf5b6a9a1fe_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"\\displaystyle \\begin{pmatrix} -3&amp;1&amp;2&amp;0\\\\[1.1ex] 1&amp;-8&amp;1&amp;0\\\\[1.1ex] 0&amp;-1&amp;-5&amp;0\\\\[1.1ex] 0&amp;0&amp;0&amp;0\\end{pmatrix}\\begin{pmatrix}w \\\\[1.1ex] x \\\\[1.1ex] y\\\\[1.1ex] z \\end{pmatrix} =\\begin{pmatrix}0 \\\\[1.1ex] 0\\\\[1.1ex] 0 \\\\[1.1ex] 0\\end{pmatrix}\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"107\" width=\"258\" style=\"vertical-align: 0px;\"><\/p>\n<\/p>\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/mathority.org\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-3531f26937c3668fb457e0af0cf8761d_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"\\displaystyle \\left.\\begin{array}{l} -3w+x+2y = 0 \\\\[2ex] w-8x+y = 0\\\\[2ex] -x-5y=0 \\\\[2ex] 0=0 \\end{array}\\right\\} \\longrightarrow \\ \\begin{array}{l} w=x=y=0 \\end{array}\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"129\" width=\"329\" style=\"vertical-align: 0px;\"><\/p>\n<\/p>\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/mathority.org\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-633b2852390bdc22c60e2aaf38b6ab2c_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"\\displaystyle v = \\begin{pmatrix}0 \\\\[1.1ex] 0 \\\\[1.1ex] 0 \\\\[1.1ex]1 \\end{pmatrix}\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"107\" width=\"68\" style=\"vertical-align: 0px;\"><\/p>\n<\/p>\n<p class=\"has-text-align-left\"> N\u00f3s fazemos a matriz<\/p>\n<\/p>\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/mathority.org\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-650eb7688af6737ac325425b5c9a5982_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"P\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"12\" width=\"14\" style=\"vertical-align: 0px;\"><\/p>\n<p> , composto pelos autovetores da matriz:<\/p>\n<\/p>\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/mathority.org\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-d01ab11cb87f40e42c259bf37e95130f_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"\\displaystyle  P = \\begin{pmatrix}-1&amp;-1&amp;-11&amp;0 \\\\[1.1ex] 0&amp;3&amp;-2&amp;0 \\\\[1.1ex] 1&amp;1&amp;1&amp;0  \\\\[1.1ex]0&amp;0&amp;0&amp;1\\end{pmatrix}\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"107\" width=\"198\" style=\"vertical-align: 0px;\"><\/p>\n<\/p>\n<p class=\"has-text-align-left\"> Como todos os autovalores s\u00e3o diferentes entre si, a matriz A \u00e9 diagonaliz\u00e1vel. Assim a matriz diagonal correspondente \u00e9 aquela que possui os autovalores na diagonal principal:<\/p>\n<\/p>\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/mathority.org\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-8174826f72dc49491c2884f32f54febf_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"\\displaystyle D= \\begin{pmatrix}0&amp;0&amp;0&amp;0\\\\[1.1ex] 0&amp;-3&amp;0&amp;0 \\\\[1.1ex] 0&amp;0&amp;2&amp;0\\\\[1.1ex] 0&amp;0&amp;0&amp;5\\end{pmatrix}\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"107\" width=\"163\" style=\"vertical-align: 0px;\"><\/p>\n<\/p>\n<p class=\"has-text-align-left\"> Lembre-se que os autovalores devem ser colocados na mesma ordem em que os autovetores est\u00e3o posicionados na matriz<\/p>\n<\/p>\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/mathority.org\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-650eb7688af6737ac325425b5c9a5982_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"P\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"12\" width=\"14\" style=\"vertical-align: 0px;\"><\/p>\n<p> .<\/p>\n<p class=\"has-text-align-left\"> Em resumo, as mudan\u00e7as b\u00e1sicas de matriz necess\u00e1rias para diagonalizar a matriz A e a matriz na forma diagonal s\u00e3o:<\/p>\n<\/p>\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/mathority.org\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-029be0f37d9f5846758b7dbb1e25c8fc_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"\\displaystyle P = \\begin{pmatrix}-1&amp;-1&amp;-11&amp;0 \\\\[1.1ex] 0&amp;3&amp;-2&amp;0 \\\\[1.1ex] 1&amp;1&amp;1&amp;0  \\\\[1.1ex]0&amp;0&amp;0&amp;1\\end{pmatrix} \\qquad D=\\begin{pmatrix}0&amp;0&amp;0&amp;0\\\\[1.1ex] 0&amp;-3&amp;0&amp;0 \\\\[1.1ex] 0&amp;0&amp;2&amp;0\\\\[1.1ex] 0&amp;0&amp;0&amp;5\\end{pmatrix}\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"107\" width=\"404\" style=\"vertical-align: 0px;\"><\/p>\n<\/p>\n<div class=\"wp-block-otfm-box-spoiler-end otfm-sp_end\"><\/div>\n<div class=\"adsb30\" style=\" margin:12px; text-align:center\">\n<div id=\"ezoic-pub-ad-placeholder-118\"><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"> Aplica\u00e7\u00f5es de matrizes diagonaliz\u00e1veis<\/h2>\n<p> Se voc\u00ea chegou at\u00e9 aqui, provavelmente est\u00e1 se perguntando: para que serve uma matriz diagonaliz\u00e1vel?<\/p>\n<p class=\"has-text-align-left\"> Bem, matrizes diagonaliz\u00e1veis s\u00e3o muito \u00fateis e amplamente utilizadas em matem\u00e1tica. A raz\u00e3o \u00e9 que uma matriz diagonal est\u00e1 praticamente cheia de zeros e, portanto, facilita muito os c\u00e1lculos.<\/p>\n<p> Um exemplo claro disso s\u00e3o as <strong>pot\u00eancias de matrizes diagonaliz\u00e1veis,<\/strong> pois seu resultado \u00e9 simplificado pela seguinte f\u00f3rmula:<\/p>\n<\/p>\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/mathority.org\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-a58b001c11304f21fbb6c1f2ac53766f_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"\\displaystyle  A^k=PD^kP^{-1}\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"16\" width=\"113\" style=\"vertical-align: 0px;\"><\/p>\n<\/p>\n<p> Esta igualdade pode ser facilmente comprovada por indu\u00e7\u00e3o. \u00c9, portanto, suficiente elevar a matriz<\/p>\n<\/p>\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/mathority.org\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-4b9ef1bbd23fd1b198de883813285620_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"D\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"12\" width=\"15\" style=\"vertical-align: 0px;\"><\/p>\n<p> ao expositor. E por se tratar de uma matriz diagonal, a opera\u00e7\u00e3o se resume a elevar cada termo da diagonal principal ao expoente:<\/p>\n<\/p>\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/mathority.org\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-61f8a7778e43eedecad71920e45f7471_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"\\displaystyle  D^k = diag(\\lambda_1^k,\\lambda_2^k, \\ldots , \\lambda_n^k)\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"21\" width=\"198\" style=\"vertical-align: -5px;\"><\/p>\n<\/p>\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"> Exemplo de pot\u00eancia de uma matriz diagonaliz\u00e1vel<\/h3>\n<p> Para entender melhor, calcularemos a pot\u00eancia de uma matriz diagonaliz\u00e1vel como exemplo:<\/p>\n<\/p>\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/mathority.org\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-3544a0199a7c277c7497a042deee07ce_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"\\displaystyle A= \\begin{pmatrix}2&amp;0\\\\[1.1ex] 3&amp;1\\end{pmatrix}\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"54\" width=\"95\" style=\"vertical-align: 0px;\"><\/p>\n<\/p>\n<p> A Matriz B\u00e1sica de Mudan\u00e7a<\/p>\n<\/p>\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/mathority.org\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-650eb7688af6737ac325425b5c9a5982_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"P\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"12\" width=\"14\" style=\"vertical-align: 0px;\"><\/p>\n<p> , formado por seus autovetores, e a matriz diagonalizada<\/p>\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/mathority.org\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-4b9ef1bbd23fd1b198de883813285620_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"D\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"12\" width=\"15\" style=\"vertical-align: 0px;\"><\/p>\n<p> , compostos por valores pr\u00f3prios, s\u00e3o:<\/p>\n<\/p>\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/mathority.org\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-3d5f3ac30ba6b6ac40e819e86daad73e_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"\\displaystyle P = \\begin{pmatrix}0&amp;1 \\\\[1.1ex] 1&amp;3 \\end{pmatrix} \\qquad D= \\begin{pmatrix}1&amp;0\\\\[1.1ex] 0&amp;2\\end{pmatrix}\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"54\" width=\"235\" style=\"vertical-align: 0px;\"><\/p>\n<\/p>\n<p> Ent\u00e3o, para dar um exemplo, a matriz A elevada a 7 \u00e9 equivalente a:<\/p>\n<\/p>\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/mathority.org\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-474e92843d1a973a45a0cfe8fc8889ec_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"\\displaystyle  A^7=PD^7P^{-1}\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"16\" width=\"112\" style=\"vertical-align: 0px;\"><\/p>\n<\/p>\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/mathority.org\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-9c0cbd00c0e1c04f294d8ff5413894e5_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"\\displaystyle  A^7=\\begin{pmatrix}0&amp;1 \\\\[1.1ex] 1&amp;3\\end{pmatrix}\\begin{pmatrix}1&amp;0\\\\[1.1ex] 0&amp;2\\end{pmatrix}^7\\left.\\begin{pmatrix}0&amp;1 \\\\[1.1ex] 1&amp;3 \\end{pmatrix}\\right.^{-1}\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"58\" width=\"265\" style=\"vertical-align: 0px;\"><\/p>\n<\/p>\n<p> Agora invertemos a matriz<\/p>\n<\/p>\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/mathority.org\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-7868fd8a15a99bfc9b31b1e4732bcc8a_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"P:\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"12\" width=\"23\" style=\"vertical-align: 0px;\"><\/p>\n<\/p>\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/mathority.org\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-9747b331e1548549fa7a171695729eec_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"\\displaystyle  A^7=\\begin{pmatrix}0&amp;1 \\\\[1.1ex] 1&amp;3 \\end{pmatrix}\\begin{pmatrix}1&amp;0\\\\[1.1ex] 0&amp;2\\end{pmatrix}^7\\begin{pmatrix}-3&amp;1 \\\\[1.1ex] 1&amp;0 \\end{pmatrix}\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"58\" width=\"254\" style=\"vertical-align: 0px;\"><\/p>\n<\/p>\n<p> Resolvemos a pot\u00eancia da matriz <\/p>\n<\/p>\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/mathority.org\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-0678df2cc9faf293040c255b8d05014d_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"D:\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"12\" width=\"24\" style=\"vertical-align: 0px;\"><\/p>\n<\/p>\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/mathority.org\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-147918af8d66f941dcd70444b7e0d5a2_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"\\displaystyle  A^7=\\begin{pmatrix}0&amp;1 \\\\[1.1ex] 1&amp;3\\end{pmatrix}\\begin{pmatrix}1^7&amp;0\\\\[1.1ex] 0&amp;2^7\\end{pmatrix} \\begin{pmatrix}-3&amp;1 \\\\[1.1ex] 1&amp;0 \\end{pmatrix}\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"54\" width=\"262\" style=\"vertical-align: 0px;\"><\/p>\n<\/p>\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/mathority.org\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-27c7f9dee1b20761a9845457099573cf_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"\\displaystyle  A^7=\\begin{pmatrix}0&amp;1 \\\\[1.1ex] 1&amp;3 \\end{pmatrix}\\begin{pmatrix}1&amp;0\\\\[1.1ex] 0&amp;128\\end{pmatrix} \\begin{pmatrix}-3&amp;1 \\\\[1.1ex] 1&amp;0 \\end{pmatrix}\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"54\" width=\"264\" style=\"vertical-align: 0px;\"><\/p>\n<\/p>\n<p> E, por fim, realizamos as multiplica\u00e7\u00f5es das matrizes:<\/p>\n<\/p>\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/mathority.org\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-f77fa7a83f343c5723afa0a3fde981cc_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"\\displaystyle  \\bm{A^7=}\\begin{pmatrix}\\bm{128}&amp;\\bm{0}\\\\[1.1ex] \\bm{381}&amp;\\bm{1}\\end{pmatrix}\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"54\" width=\"118\" style=\"vertical-align: 0px;\"><\/p>\n<\/p>\n<p> Como voc\u00ea viu, \u00e9 mais conveniente calcular a pot\u00eancia com uma matriz diagonal do que multiplicar a mesma matriz sete vezes seguidas. Ent\u00e3o imagine com valores de expoentes muito maiores. <\/p>\n<div class=\"adsb30\" style=\" margin:12px; text-align:center\">\n<div id=\"ezoic-pub-ad-placeholder-119\"><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"> Propriedades de matrizes diagonaliz\u00e1veis<\/h2>\n<p> As caracter\u00edsticas deste tipo de matriz s\u00e3o:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li> Se a matriz\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/mathority.org\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-25b206f25506e6d6f46be832f7119ffa_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"A\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"13\" width=\"13\" style=\"vertical-align: 0px;\"><\/p>\n<p> \u00e9 diagonaliz\u00e1vel, qualquer pot\u00eancia de<\/p>\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/mathority.org\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-25b206f25506e6d6f46be832f7119ffa_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"A\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"13\" width=\"13\" style=\"vertical-align: 0px;\"><\/p>\n<p> .<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li> Quase todas as matrizes podem ser diagonalizadas em um ambiente complexo\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/mathority.org\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-68da13602f004ced593a0442bca3f363_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"\\mathbb{C}\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"12\" width=\"13\" style=\"vertical-align: 0px;\"><\/p>\n<p> . Embora abaixo voc\u00ea tenha as exce\u00e7\u00f5es que nunca s\u00e3o diagonaliz\u00e1veis.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li> Se a matriz\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/mathority.org\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-650eb7688af6737ac325425b5c9a5982_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"P\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"12\" width=\"14\" style=\"vertical-align: 0px;\"><\/p>\n<p> \u00e9 uma matriz ortogonal, ent\u00e3o dizemos que a matriz<\/p>\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/mathority.org\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-25b206f25506e6d6f46be832f7119ffa_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"A\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"13\" width=\"13\" style=\"vertical-align: 0px;\"><\/p>\n<p> \u00e9 <strong>ortogonalmente diagonaliz\u00e1vel<\/strong> e, portanto, a equa\u00e7\u00e3o pode ser reescrita:<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/mathority.org\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-e3f65f9edb18ea2a563767416aec8e52_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"\\displaystyle  A=PDP^t\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"16\" width=\"85\" style=\"vertical-align: 0px;\"><\/p>\n<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li> Uma matriz \u00e9 diagonaliz\u00e1vel por uma matriz unit\u00e1ria se e somente se for uma matriz normal.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li> Dadas duas matrizes diagonaliz\u00e1veis, elas s\u00e3o comut\u00e1veis se e somente se puderem ser diagonalizadas simultaneamente, ou seja, se compartilharem a mesma base ortonormal de autovetores (ou autovetores).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li> Se um endomorfismo \u00e9 diagonaliz\u00e1vel, dizemos que \u00e9 <strong>diagonaliz\u00e1vel por similaridade<\/strong> . Por\u00e9m, nem todos os endomorfismos s\u00e3o diagonaliz\u00e1veis, ou seja, a diagonaliza\u00e7\u00e3o de um endomorfismo n\u00e3o \u00e9 garantida.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"> Diagonaliza\u00e7\u00e3o Simult\u00e2nea<\/h2>\n<p> Diz-se que um conjunto de matrizes <strong>\u00e9 simultaneamente diagonaliz\u00e1vel<\/strong> se existir uma matriz invert\u00edvel que sirva de base para diagonalizar qualquer matriz deste conjunto. Em outras palavras, se duas matrizes diagonalizam na mesma base de autovetores, isso significa que elas s\u00e3o diagonaliz\u00e1veis simultaneamente.<\/p>\n<p> Al\u00e9m disso, como comentamos nas propriedades da diagonaliza\u00e7\u00e3o de matrizes, se duas matrizes s\u00e3o capazes de diagonalizar simultaneamente, elas devem comutar entre si.<\/p>\n<p> Por exemplo, as duas matrizes a seguir s\u00e3o comut\u00e1veis, portanto elas diagonalizam na mesma base de autovetores ou autovetores.<\/p>\n<\/p>\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/mathority.org\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-c215d8b5d9ae75dbd069c6b6d39886dd_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"\\displaystyle  A=\\begin{pmatrix}2&amp;0 \\\\[1.1ex] 1&amp;-1 \\end{pmatrix} \\qquad B=\\begin{pmatrix}3&amp;0\\\\[1.1ex] 1&amp;0 \\end{pmatrix}\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"54\" width=\"247\" style=\"vertical-align: 0px;\"><\/p>\n<\/p>\n<p> Mesmo que tenham os mesmos autovetores, isso n\u00e3o significa que tenham os mesmos autovalores. Na verdade, embora as matrizes A e B acima tenham autovetores semelhantes, elas t\u00eam autovalores diferentes.<\/p>\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"> Matrizes n\u00e3o diagonaliz\u00e1veis<\/h2>\n<div class=\"adsb30\" style=\" margin:px; text-align:\"><\/div>\n<p> Embora a grande maioria das matrizes seja diagonaliz\u00e1vel em um ambiente de n\u00fameros complexos, <strong>algumas matrizes nunca podem ser diagonalizadas.<\/strong><\/p>\n<p> Este fato ocorre quando a multiplicidade alg\u00e9brica de um autovalor (ou autovalor) n\u00e3o coincide com a multiplicidade geom\u00e9trica.<\/p>\n<p> Por exemplo, a seguinte matriz n\u00e3o pode ser diagonalizada de forma alguma, ela \u00e9 \u201cindiagonaliz\u00e1vel\u201d:<\/p>\n<\/p>\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/mathority.org\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-cdadeeadd8ee984e2efb53896c2d3306_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"\\displaystyle \\begin{pmatrix}0&amp;1 \\\\[1.1ex] 0&amp;0 \\end{pmatrix}\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"54\" width=\"54\" style=\"vertical-align: 0px;\"><\/p>\n<\/p>\n<p> Al\u00e9m disso, existem matrizes que n\u00e3o s\u00e3o capazes de diagonalizar em um ambiente de n\u00fameros reais, mas diagonalizam ao trabalhar com n\u00fameros complexos, como esta matriz:<\/p>\n<\/p>\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/mathority.org\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-c7bb0fa6573d760edc55d94cfc834c7e_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"\\displaystyle  \\begin{pmatrix}0&amp;1 \\\\[1.1ex] -1&amp;0 \\end{pmatrix}\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"54\" width=\"68\" style=\"vertical-align: 0px;\"><\/p>\n<\/p>\n<p> Finalmente, existem alguns procedimentos <em>de diagonaliza\u00e7\u00e3o de blocos de matrizes<\/em> que n\u00e3o s\u00e3o puramente diagonaliz\u00e1veis, mas s\u00e3o um pouco mais complicados. O m\u00e9todo mais conhecido \u00e9 a diagonaliza\u00e7\u00e3o com <a href=\"https:\/\/es.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Forma_can%C3%B3nica_de_Jordan\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">a forma can\u00f4nica de Jordan<\/a> .<\/p>\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"> Diagonalize uma matriz com MATLAB<\/h2>\n<p> Os programas de computador s\u00e3o muito \u00fateis quando se trata de diagonalizar matrizes, especialmente se forem muito grandes. E o software mais conhecido \u00e9 certamente <strong>MATLAB<\/strong> , ent\u00e3o a seguir veremos como fatorar diagonalmente uma matriz usando este programa.<\/p>\n<p> A instru\u00e7\u00e3o usada para diagonalizar uma matriz com MATLAB \u00e9:<\/p>\n<\/p>\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/mathority.org\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-d9c2b022364c0099b96b150c5853a9f8_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"\\displaystyle  \\text{[P, D] = eig(A)}\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"19\" width=\"116\" style=\"vertical-align: -5px;\"><\/p>\n<\/p>\n<p> Ouro<\/p>\n<\/p>\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/mathority.org\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-25b206f25506e6d6f46be832f7119ffa_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"A\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"13\" width=\"13\" style=\"vertical-align: 0px;\"><\/p>\n<p> \u00e9 a matriz a ser diagonalizada e<\/p>\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/mathority.org\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-650eb7688af6737ac325425b5c9a5982_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"P\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"12\" width=\"14\" style=\"vertical-align: 0px;\"><\/p>\n<p> E<\/p>\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/mathority.org\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-4b9ef1bbd23fd1b198de883813285620_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"D\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"12\" width=\"15\" style=\"vertical-align: 0px;\"><\/p>\n<p> s\u00e3o as matrizes que o programa retorna:<\/p>\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/mathority.org\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-650eb7688af6737ac325425b5c9a5982_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"P\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"12\" width=\"14\" style=\"vertical-align: 0px;\"><\/p>\n<p> \u00e9 a matriz formada pelos autovetores e<\/p>\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/mathority.org\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-4b9ef1bbd23fd1b198de883813285620_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"D\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"12\" width=\"15\" style=\"vertical-align: 0px;\"><\/p>\n<p> \u00e9 a matriz em forma diagonal cujos principais termos diagonais s\u00e3o os autovalores.<\/p>\n<p> Portanto, voc\u00ea s\u00f3 precisa inserir este c\u00f3digo no programa.<\/p>\n<p> Por outro lado, se voc\u00ea quiser apenas saber os autovalores, poder\u00e1 usar a seguinte instru\u00e7\u00e3o:<\/p>\n<\/p>\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/mathority.org\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-1e908bfbcd51e3b8c338b5ca279f9f8d_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"\\displaystyle  e= eig(A)}\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"19\" width=\"81\" style=\"vertical-align: -5px;\"><\/p>\n<\/p>\n<p> Ouro<\/p>\n<\/p>\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/mathority.org\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-3fc193f43cc29c1eef788f64ba43c1bd_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"e\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"8\" width=\"8\" style=\"vertical-align: 0px;\"><\/p>\n<p> \u00e9 o vetor coluna que o MATLAB retorna com os autovalores da matriz<\/p>\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/mathority.org\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-25b206f25506e6d6f46be832f7119ffa_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"A\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"13\" width=\"13\" style=\"vertical-align: 0px;\"><\/p>\n<p> .<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Nesta p\u00e1gina voc\u00ea encontrar\u00e1 tudo sobre matrizes diagonaliz\u00e1veis: o que s\u00e3o, quando podem ser diagonalizadas e quando n\u00e3o podem, o m\u00e9todo para diagonalizar matrizes, as aplica\u00e7\u00f5es e propriedades dessas matrizes espec\u00edficas, etc. E voc\u00ea ainda tem v\u00e1rios exerc\u00edcios resolvidos passo a passo para praticar e entender perfeitamente como eles s\u00e3o diagonalizados. Por fim, aprendemos tamb\u00e9m &hellip;<\/p>\n<p class=\"read-more\"> <a class=\"\" href=\"https:\/\/mathority.org\/pt\/como-diagonalizar-uma-matriz-diagonalizavel-diagonalizacao-de-matrizes-2x2-3x3-4x4-exercicios-resolvidos-passo-a-passo\/\"> <span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Como diagonalizar uma matriz<\/span> Leia mais &raquo;<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"site-sidebar-layout":"default","site-content-layout":"","ast-site-content-layout":"","site-content-style":"default","site-sidebar-style":"default","ast-global-header-display":"","ast-banner-title-visibility":"","ast-main-header-display":"","ast-hfb-above-header-display":"","ast-hfb-below-header-display":"","ast-hfb-mobile-header-display":"","site-post-title":"","ast-breadcrumbs-content":"","ast-featured-img":"","footer-sml-layout":"","theme-transparent-header-meta":"","adv-header-id-meta":"","stick-header-meta":"","header-above-stick-meta":"","header-main-stick-meta":"","header-below-stick-meta":"","astra-migrate-meta-layouts":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[12],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-67","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-determinante-de-uma-matriz"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v21.2 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>Como diagonalizar uma matriz<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/mathority.org\/pt\/como-diagonalizar-uma-matriz-diagonalizavel-diagonalizacao-de-matrizes-2x2-3x3-4x4-exercicios-resolvidos-passo-a-passo\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"pt_BR\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Como diagonalizar uma matriz\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Nesta p\u00e1gina voc\u00ea encontrar\u00e1 tudo sobre matrizes diagonaliz\u00e1veis: o que s\u00e3o, quando podem ser diagonalizadas e quando n\u00e3o podem, o m\u00e9todo para diagonalizar matrizes, as aplica\u00e7\u00f5es e propriedades dessas matrizes espec\u00edficas, etc. E voc\u00ea ainda tem v\u00e1rios exerc\u00edcios resolvidos passo a passo para praticar e entender perfeitamente como eles s\u00e3o diagonalizados. 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