{"id":330,"date":"2023-07-06T06:35:36","date_gmt":"2023-07-06T06:35:36","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/mathority.org\/pt\/calcular-autovalores-autovalores-e-autovetores-autovetores-de-uma-matriz\/"},"modified":"2023-07-06T06:35:36","modified_gmt":"2023-07-06T06:35:36","slug":"calcular-autovalores-autovalores-e-autovetores-autovetores-de-uma-matriz","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/mathority.org\/pt\/calcular-autovalores-autovalores-e-autovetores-autovetores-de-uma-matriz\/","title":{"rendered":"Autovalores (ou autovalores) e autovetores (ou autovetores) de uma matriz"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>Nesta p\u00e1gina explicamos o que s\u00e3o autovalores e autovetores, tamb\u00e9m chamados de autovalores e autovetores respectivamente. Voc\u00ea tamb\u00e9m encontrar\u00e1 exemplos de como calcul\u00e1-los, bem como exerc\u00edcios resolvidos passo a passo para praticar.<\/p>\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"> O que \u00e9 um autovalor e um autovetor?<\/h2>\n<p> Embora a no\u00e7\u00e3o de autovalor e autovetor seja dif\u00edcil de entender, sua defini\u00e7\u00e3o \u00e9 a seguinte: <\/p>\n<div style=\"background-color:#dff6ff;padding-top: 20px; padding-bottom: 0.5px; padding-right: 40px; padding-left: 30px\" class=\"has-background\">\n<p style=\"text-align:left\"> <strong>Autovetores ou autovetores<\/strong> s\u00e3o os vetores diferentes de zero de uma aplica\u00e7\u00e3o linear que, ao serem transformados por ela, d\u00e3o origem a um m\u00faltiplo escalar deles (n\u00e3o mudam de dire\u00e7\u00e3o). Este escalar \u00e9 o <strong>autovalor ou autovalor<\/strong> .<\/p>\n<\/p>\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/mathority.org\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-710a5e2df8739c35c060f790f5592734_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"Av = \\lambda v\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"13\" width=\"65\" style=\"vertical-align: 0px;\"><\/p>\n<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align:left\"> Ouro<\/p>\n<\/p>\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/mathority.org\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-25b206f25506e6d6f46be832f7119ffa_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"A\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"13\" width=\"13\" style=\"vertical-align: 0px;\"><\/p>\n<p> \u00e9 a matriz do mapa linear,<\/p>\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/mathority.org\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-ef71511c70f0e4b25cc6bd69f3bc20c2_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"v\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"8\" width=\"9\" style=\"vertical-align: 0px;\"><\/p>\n<p> \u00e9 o autovetor e<\/p>\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/mathority.org\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-2b5c45836864531b8e37025dabadd24a_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"\\lambda\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"12\" width=\"10\" style=\"vertical-align: 0px;\"><\/p>\n<p> pr\u00f3prio valor.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p> O autovalor tamb\u00e9m \u00e9 conhecido como valor caracter\u00edstico. E h\u00e1 at\u00e9 matem\u00e1ticos que usam a raiz alem\u00e3 \u201ceigen\u201d para designar autovalores e autovetores: <em>autovalores<\/em> para autovalores e <em>autovetores<\/em> para autovetores.<\/p>\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"> Como calcular os autovalores (ou autovalores) e os autovetores (ou autovetores) de uma matriz?<\/h2>\n<p> Para encontrar os autovalores e autovetores de uma matriz, voc\u00ea deve seguir todo um procedimento:<\/p>\n<ol style=\"color:#1976d2; font-weight: bold;>\n<li><span style=\" color:#262626;font-weight:=\"\" normal;\"=\"\">\n<li style=\"margin-bottom:18px\"><span style=\"color:#262626;font-weight: normal;\">A equa\u00e7\u00e3o caracter\u00edstica da matriz \u00e9 calculada resolvendo o seguinte determinante:<\/span><\/li>\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/mathority.org\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-d7224fcfc13d25429e22216a3d4124cb_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"\\displaystyle \\text{det}(A-\\lambda I)\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"19\" width=\"92\" style=\"vertical-align: -5px;\"><\/p>\n<\/p>\n<li style=\"margin-bottom:15px\"> <span style=\"color:#262626;font-weight: normal;\">Encontramos as ra\u00edzes do polin\u00f4mio caracter\u00edstico obtido na etapa 1. Essas ra\u00edzes s\u00e3o os autovalores da matriz.<\/span><\/li>\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/mathority.org\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-fbe85bd9aff702c72a31d3889f035518_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"\\displaystyle \\text{det}(A-\\lambda I)=0 \\ \\longrightarrow \\ \\lambda\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"19\" width=\"186\" style=\"vertical-align: -5px;\"><\/p>\n<\/p>\n<li style=\"margin-bottom:15px\"> <span style=\"color:#262626;font-weight: normal;\">O autovetor de cada autovalor \u00e9 calculado. Para fazer isso, o seguinte sistema de equa\u00e7\u00f5es \u00e9 resolvido para cada autovalor:<\/span><\/li>\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/mathority.org\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-372f1009cb2b47f939cf9291f0f23885_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"\\displaystyle (A-\\lambda I)v=0\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"19\" width=\"109\" style=\"vertical-align: -5px;\"><\/p>\n<\/p>\n<\/ol>\n<p> Este \u00e9 o m\u00e9todo para encontrar os autovalores e autovetores de uma matriz, mas aqui tamb\u00e9m damos algumas dicas: \ud83d\ude09 <\/p>\n<div style=\"background-color:#fffde7;padding-top: 20px; padding-bottom: 0.5px; padding-right: 40px; padding-left: 30px\" class=\"has-background\">\n<p style=\"text-align:left\"> <strong>Dicas<\/strong> : podemos aproveitar as propriedades dos autovalores e autovetores para calcul\u00e1-los mais facilmente:<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align:left\"> <strong><span style=\"color:#1976d2;\">\u2713<\/span><\/strong> O tra\u00e7o da matriz (soma da sua diagonal principal) \u00e9 igual \u00e0 soma de todos os autovalores.<\/p>\n<\/p>\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/mathority.org\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-d4b8ae7f7f7a36be08403ae6ba8b3d32_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"\\displaystyle tr(A)=\\sum_{i=1}^n \\lambda_i\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"49\" width=\"109\" style=\"vertical-align: -21px;\"><\/p>\n<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align:left\"> <strong><span style=\"color:#1976d2;\">\u2713<\/span><\/strong> O produto de todos os autovalores \u00e9 igual ao determinante da matriz.<\/p>\n<\/p>\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/mathority.org\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-7aa4b68759894e3f25d6475c3b6f71b4_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"\\displaystyle det(A)=\\prod_{i=1}^n \\lambda_i\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"49\" width=\"115\" style=\"vertical-align: -21px;\"><\/p>\n<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align:left\"> <strong><span style=\"color:#1976d2;\">\u2713<\/span><\/strong> Se houver combina\u00e7\u00e3o linear entre linhas ou colunas, pelo menos um autovalor da matriz \u00e9 igual a 0.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p> Vejamos um exemplo de como os autovetores e autovalores de uma matriz s\u00e3o calculados para entender melhor o m\u00e9todo:<\/p>\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"> Exemplo de c\u00e1lculo de autovalores e autovetores de uma matriz:<\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li> Encontre os autovalores e autovetores da seguinte matriz:<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/mathority.org\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-e82dbe4f6e975e1374cab2c1b74638b9_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"\\displaystyle A= \\begin{pmatrix}1&amp;0\\\\[1.1ex] 5&amp;2\\end{pmatrix}\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"54\" width=\"95\" style=\"vertical-align: 0px;\"><\/p>\n<\/p>\n<p> Primeiro, precisamos encontrar a equa\u00e7\u00e3o caracter\u00edstica da matriz. E, para isso, deve-se resolver o seguinte determinante:<\/p>\n<\/p>\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/mathority.org\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-283812fe5eed97f58568fb6e515e3ff5_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"\\displaystyle \\text{det}(A-\\lambda I)= \\begin{vmatrix}1- \\lambda &amp;0\\\\[1.1ex] 5&amp;2-\\lambda \\end{vmatrix} = \\lambda^2-3\\lambda +2\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"54\" width=\"338\" style=\"vertical-align: 0px;\"><\/p>\n<\/p>\n<p> Agora calculamos as ra\u00edzes do polin\u00f4mio caracter\u00edstico, portanto igualamos o resultado obtido a 0 e resolvemos a equa\u00e7\u00e3o:<\/p>\n<\/p>\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/mathority.org\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-2287061273d7f8502e0dbf1cb2fe1ad7_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"\\displaystyle \\lambda^2-3\\lambda +2 = 0\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"18\" width=\"122\" style=\"vertical-align: -2px;\"><\/p>\n<\/p>\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/mathority.org\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-fdee5858b8b0187078ea372d9362900f_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"\\lambda= \\cfrac{-(-3)\\pm \\sqrt{(-3)^2-4\\cdot 1 \\cdot 2}}{2\\cdot 1} = \\cfrac{+3\\pm 1}{2}=\\begin{cases} \\lambda = 1 \\\\[2ex] \\lambda = 2 \\end{cases}\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"65\" width=\"419\" style=\"vertical-align: 0px;\"><\/p>\n<\/p>\n<p> As solu\u00e7\u00f5es da equa\u00e7\u00e3o s\u00e3o os autovalores da matriz.<\/p>\n<p> Assim que tivermos os autovalores, calculamos os autovetores. Para fazer isso, precisamos resolver o seguinte sistema para cada autovalor:<\/p>\n<\/p>\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/mathority.org\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-372f1009cb2b47f939cf9291f0f23885_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"\\displaystyle (A-\\lambda I)v=0\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"19\" width=\"109\" style=\"vertical-align: -5px;\"><\/p>\n<\/p>\n<p> Calcularemos primeiro o autovetor associado ao autovalor 1: <\/p>\n<\/p>\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/mathority.org\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-372f1009cb2b47f939cf9291f0f23885_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"\\displaystyle (A-\\lambda I)v=0\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"19\" width=\"109\" style=\"vertical-align: -5px;\"><\/p>\n<\/p>\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/mathority.org\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-4f0cbd7a7e0670410881dcc0bfd4969c_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"\\displaystyle (A-1 I)\\begin{pmatrix}x \\\\[1.1ex] y \\end{pmatrix} =}\\begin{pmatrix}0 \\\\[1.1ex] 0 \\end{pmatrix}\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"54\" width=\"163\" style=\"vertical-align: 0px;\"><\/p>\n<\/p>\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/mathority.org\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-e1f49b7ecec643964e4a14cd17ddecb4_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"\\displaystyle \\begin{pmatrix}0&amp;0\\\\[1.1ex] 5&amp;1\\end{pmatrix}\\begin{pmatrix}x \\\\[1.1ex] y \\end{pmatrix} =}\\begin{pmatrix}0 \\\\[1.1ex] 0 \\end{pmatrix}\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"54\" width=\"156\" style=\"vertical-align: 0px;\"><\/p>\n<\/p>\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/mathority.org\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-06473aeaa487551bca2eb98ff786c8f5_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"\\displaystyle \\left.\\begin{array}{l} 0x+0y = 0 \\\\[2ex] 5x+y = 0\\end{array}\\right\\}\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"65\" width=\"112\" style=\"vertical-align: 0px;\"><\/p>\n<\/p>\n<p> A partir dessas equa\u00e7\u00f5es obtemos o seguinte subespa\u00e7o:<\/p>\n<\/p>\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/mathority.org\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-82da1eb92338b5dc67c9e65188b6c247_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"\\displaystyle y=-5x\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"17\" width=\"66\" style=\"vertical-align: -4px;\"><\/p>\n<\/p>\n<p> Os subespa\u00e7os de vetores pr\u00f3prios tamb\u00e9m s\u00e3o chamados de espa\u00e7os pr\u00f3prios.<\/p>\n<p> Agora temos que encontrar uma base para esse espa\u00e7o limpo, ent\u00e3o damos por exemplo o valor 1 para a vari\u00e1vel<\/p>\n<\/p>\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/mathority.org\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-ede05c264bba0eda080918aaa09c4658_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"x\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"8\" width=\"10\" style=\"vertical-align: 0px;\"><\/p>\n<p> e obtemos o seguinte autovetor: <\/p>\n<\/p>\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/mathority.org\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-f4700ed7bb632b97f0ce1bec12409888_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"\\displaystyle x = 1 \\ \\longrightarrow \\ y=-5\\cdot 1 = -5\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"17\" width=\"216\" style=\"vertical-align: -4px;\"><\/p>\n<\/p>\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/mathority.org\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-8af03064a8f197990df832e71472cab0_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"\\displaystyle v = \\begin{pmatrix}1 \\\\[1.1ex] -5\\end{pmatrix}\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"54\" width=\"79\" style=\"vertical-align: 0px;\"><\/p>\n<\/p>\n<div class=\"adsb30\" style=\" margin:px; text-align:\"><\/div>\n<p> Finalmente, uma vez encontrado o autovetor associado ao autovalor 1, repetimos o processo para calcular o autovetor para o autovalor 2: <\/p>\n<\/p>\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/mathority.org\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-372f1009cb2b47f939cf9291f0f23885_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"\\displaystyle (A-\\lambda I)v=0\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"19\" width=\"109\" style=\"vertical-align: -5px;\"><\/p>\n<\/p>\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/mathority.org\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-3d52ccfc2cbc996d3844af6c699a81b2_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"\\displaystyle (A-2I)\\begin{pmatrix}x \\\\[1.1ex] y \\end{pmatrix} =}\\begin{pmatrix}0 \\\\[1.1ex] 0 \\end{pmatrix}\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"54\" width=\"163\" style=\"vertical-align: 0px;\"><\/p>\n<\/p>\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/mathority.org\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-24442a53901cc9f0622aecf66ef2dc25_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"\\displaystyle \\begin{pmatrix}-1&amp;0\\\\[1.1ex] 5&amp;0\\end{pmatrix}\\begin{pmatrix}x \\\\[1.1ex] y \\end{pmatrix} =}\\begin{pmatrix}0 \\\\[1.1ex] 0 \\end{pmatrix}\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"54\" width=\"169\" style=\"vertical-align: 0px;\"><\/p>\n<\/p>\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/mathority.org\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-fbd3a434bf3f89ed38a893a98befee97_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"\\displaystyle \\left.\\begin{array}{l} -x+0y = 0 \\\\[2ex] 5x+0y = 0\\end{array}\\right\\} \\longrightarrow \\ x=0\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"65\" width=\"207\" style=\"vertical-align: 0px;\"><\/p>\n<\/p>\n<p> Neste caso, apenas a primeira componente do vetor deve ser 0, ent\u00e3o podemos atribuir qualquer valor a<\/p>\n<\/p>\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/mathority.org\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-0af556714940c351c933bba8cf840796_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"y\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"12\" width=\"9\" style=\"vertical-align: -4px;\"><\/p>\n<p> . Mas para facilitar \u00e9 melhor colocar 1:<\/p>\n<\/p>\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/mathority.org\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-f47b6a21a448d003d909c0c1c969b8f6_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"\\displaystyle v = \\begin{pmatrix}0 \\\\[1.1ex] 1 \\end{pmatrix}\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"54\" width=\"66\" style=\"vertical-align: 0px;\"><\/p>\n<\/p>\n<p> Concluindo, os autovalores e autovetores da matriz s\u00e3o:<\/p>\n<\/p>\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/mathority.org\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-1668ed5f36ad0a8fcb28a264c76b6163_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"\\displaystyle \\lambda = 1 \\qquad v = \\begin{pmatrix}1 \\\\[1.1ex] -5 \\end{pmatrix}\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"54\" width=\"158\" style=\"vertical-align: 0px;\"><\/p>\n<\/p>\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/mathority.org\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-56b0287c0bea71a1e5a258373aaa47d9_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"\\displaystyle \\lambda = 2 \\qquad v = \\begin{pmatrix}0 \\\\[1.1ex] 1 \\end{pmatrix}\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"54\" width=\"144\" style=\"vertical-align: 0px;\"><\/p>\n<\/p>\n<p> Depois de saber como encontrar os autovalores e autovetores de uma matriz, voc\u00ea pode se perguntar\u2026 e para que servem eles? Bem, acontece que eles s\u00e3o muito \u00fateis para <a href=\"https:\/\/mathority.org\/pt\/como-diagonalizar-uma-matriz-diagonalizavel-diagonalizacao-de-matrizes-2x2-3x3-4x4-exercicios-resolvidos-passo-a-passo\/\">diagonaliza\u00e7\u00e3o de matrizes<\/a> , na verdade essa \u00e9 sua principal aplica\u00e7\u00e3o. Para saber mais, recomendamos conferir como diagonalizar uma matriz com o link, onde o procedimento \u00e9 explicado passo a passo e tamb\u00e9m h\u00e1 exemplos e exerc\u00edcios resolvidos para praticar.<\/p>\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"> Exerc\u00edcios resolvidos sobre autovalores e autovetores (autovalores e autovetores)<\/h2>\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"> Exerc\u00edcio 1<\/h3>\n<p> Calcule os autovalores e autovetores da seguinte matriz quadrada de ordem 2: <\/p>\n<\/p>\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/mathority.org\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-0c6e3869ea2848140f026afc2ff8d554_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"\\displaystyle A= \\begin{pmatrix}3&amp;1\\\\[1.1ex] 2&amp;4\\end{pmatrix}\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"54\" width=\"95\" style=\"vertical-align: 0px;\"><\/p>\n<\/p>\n<div class=\"wp-block-otfm-box-spoiler-start otfm-sp__wrapper otfm-sp__box js-otfm-sp-box__closed otfm-sp__E3F2FD boto_ver_solucion\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-expanded=\"false\" data-otfm-spc=\"#E3F2FD\" style=\"text-align:center\">\n<div class=\"otfm-sp__title\"> <strong>veja solu\u00e7\u00e3o<\/strong><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p class=\"has-text-align-left\"> Primeiro calculamos o determinante da matriz menos \u03bb em sua diagonal principal:<\/p>\n<\/p>\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/mathority.org\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-fadce42062bb04b7477318fdc35c4285_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"\\displaystyle \\text{det}(A-\\lambda I)= \\begin{vmatrix}3- \\lambda &amp;1\\\\[1.1ex] 2&amp;4-\\lambda \\end{vmatrix} = \\lambda^2-7\\lambda +10\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"54\" width=\"348\" style=\"vertical-align: 0px;\"><\/p>\n<\/p>\n<p class=\"has-text-align-left\"> Agora vamos calcular as ra\u00edzes do polin\u00f4mio caracter\u00edstico:<\/p>\n<\/p>\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/mathority.org\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-7139127430fa6b78b78715d57a6fdf1f_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"\\displaystyle \\lambda^2-7\\lambda +10=0 \\ \\longrightarrow \\ \\begin{cases} \\lambda = 2 \\\\[2ex] \\lambda = 5 \\end{cases}\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"65\" width=\"239\" style=\"vertical-align: 0px;\"><\/p>\n<\/p>\n<p class=\"has-text-align-left\"> Calculamos o autovetor associado ao autovalor 2: <\/p>\n<\/p>\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/mathority.org\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-1b024c5f7e5acd0be55824c37befc587_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"\\displaystyle (A- 2I)v=0\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"19\" width=\"108\" style=\"vertical-align: -5px;\"><\/p>\n<\/p>\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/mathority.org\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-614f9247b0d79635f70ec79eaa8c6529_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"\\displaystyle \\begin{pmatrix}1&amp;1\\\\[1.1ex] 2&amp;2\\end{pmatrix}\\begin{pmatrix}x \\\\[1.1ex] y \\end{pmatrix} =}\\begin{pmatrix}0 \\\\[1.1ex] 0 \\end{pmatrix}\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"54\" width=\"156\" style=\"vertical-align: 0px;\"><\/p>\n<\/p>\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/mathority.org\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-272495fa6e8f89ba4e7c6a6d848cb38a_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"\\displaystyle \\left.\\begin{array}{l} x+y = 0 \\\\[2ex] 2x+2y = 0\\end{array}\\right\\} \\longrightarrow \\ x=-y\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"65\" width=\"216\" style=\"vertical-align: 0px;\"><\/p>\n<\/p>\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/mathority.org\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-77c240aaa8b75f1e5353c295ee86ad50_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"\\displaystyle v = \\begin{pmatrix}1 \\\\[1.1ex] -1 \\end{pmatrix}\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"54\" width=\"79\" style=\"vertical-align: 0px;\"><\/p>\n<\/p>\n<p class=\"has-text-align-left\"> E ent\u00e3o calculamos o autovetor associado ao autovalor 5: <\/p>\n<\/p>\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/mathority.org\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-f48052a078660236820e9f605996e193_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"\\displaystyle (A-5I)v=0\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"19\" width=\"108\" style=\"vertical-align: -5px;\"><\/p>\n<\/p>\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/mathority.org\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-b8aa7cae3057d78343128cd1095df24e_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"\\displaystyle \\begin{pmatrix}-2&amp;1\\\\[1.1ex] 2&amp;-1\\end{pmatrix}\\begin{pmatrix}x \\\\[1.1ex] y \\end{pmatrix} =}\\begin{pmatrix}0 \\\\[1.1ex] 0 \\end{pmatrix}\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"54\" width=\"183\" style=\"vertical-align: 0px;\"><\/p>\n<\/p>\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/mathority.org\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-d8c38e500cf7103b1dc0e91ea1b4531a_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"\\displaystyle \\left.\\begin{array}{l} -2x+y = 0 \\\\[2ex] 2x-y = 0\\end{array}\\right\\} \\longrightarrow \\ y=2x\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"65\" width=\"216\" style=\"vertical-align: 0px;\"><\/p>\n<\/p>\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/mathority.org\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-8be56f81b5aef28783636f85c4dbd643_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"\\displaystyle v = \\begin{pmatrix}1 \\\\[1.1ex] 2 \\end{pmatrix}\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"54\" width=\"66\" style=\"vertical-align: 0px;\"><\/p>\n<\/p>\n<p class=\"has-text-align-left\"> Portanto, os autovalores e autovetores da matriz A s\u00e3o: <\/p>\n<\/p>\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/mathority.org\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-cde889d89562f2e42bd6610b0045c118_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"\\displaystyle \\lambda = 2 \\qquad v = \\begin{pmatrix}1 \\\\[1.1ex] -1 \\end{pmatrix}\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"54\" width=\"158\" style=\"vertical-align: 0px;\"><\/p>\n<\/p>\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/mathority.org\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-3e954ba60fdc7eba60ba8530980854c5_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"\\displaystyle \\lambda = 5 \\qquad v = \\begin{pmatrix}1\\\\[1.1ex] 2 \\end{pmatrix}\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"54\" width=\"144\" style=\"vertical-align: 0px;\"><\/p>\n<\/p>\n<div class=\"wp-block-otfm-box-spoiler-end otfm-sp_end\"><\/div>\n<div class=\"adsb30\" style=\" margin:12px; text-align:center\">\n<div id=\"ezoic-pub-ad-placeholder-118\"><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"> Exerc\u00edcio 2<\/h3>\n<p> Determine os autovalores e autovetores da seguinte matriz quadrada 2&#215;2: <\/p>\n<\/p>\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/mathority.org\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-54b0188c9fbadd6c3e35315443b71efd_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"\\displaystyle A= \\begin{pmatrix}2&amp;1\\\\[1.1ex] 3&amp;0\\end{pmatrix}\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"54\" width=\"95\" style=\"vertical-align: 0px;\"><\/p>\n<\/p>\n<div class=\"wp-block-otfm-box-spoiler-start otfm-sp__wrapper otfm-sp__box js-otfm-sp-box__closed otfm-sp__E3F2FD boto_ver_solucion\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-expanded=\"false\" data-otfm-spc=\"#E3F2FD\" style=\"text-align:center\">\n<div class=\"otfm-sp__title\"> <strong>veja solu\u00e7\u00e3o<\/strong><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p class=\"has-text-align-left\"> Primeiro calculamos o determinante da matriz menos \u03bb em sua diagonal principal para obter a equa\u00e7\u00e3o caracter\u00edstica:<\/p>\n<\/p>\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/mathority.org\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-88fcd3b21ad2fa5a4d1d7789a86043e5_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"\\displaystyle \\text{det}(A-\\lambda I)= \\begin{vmatrix}2- \\lambda &amp;1\\\\[1.1ex] 3&amp;-\\lambda \\end{vmatrix} = \\lambda^2-2\\lambda -3\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"54\" width=\"323\" style=\"vertical-align: 0px;\"><\/p>\n<\/p>\n<p class=\"has-text-align-left\"> Agora vamos calcular as ra\u00edzes do polin\u00f4mio caracter\u00edstico:<\/p>\n<\/p>\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/mathority.org\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-2614817b28bdb25c4fd89d4c773b4e35_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"\\displaystyle \\lambda^2-2\\lambda -3=0 \\ \\longrightarrow \\ \\begin{cases} \\lambda = -1 \\\\[2ex] \\lambda = 3 \\end{cases}\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"65\" width=\"244\" style=\"vertical-align: 0px;\"><\/p>\n<\/p>\n<p class=\"has-text-align-left\"> Calculamos o autovetor associado ao autovalor -1: <\/p>\n<\/p>\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/mathority.org\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-f3e4bb6ba47bb4b9084b8a34d03dd35f_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"\\displaystyle (A-(-1)I)v=0\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"19\" width=\"135\" style=\"vertical-align: -5px;\"><\/p>\n<\/p>\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/mathority.org\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-cdddf8c6da3e8066da62f60da7e9c603_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"\\displaystyle (A+1I)v=0\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"19\" width=\"108\" style=\"vertical-align: -5px;\"><\/p>\n<\/p>\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/mathority.org\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-e4b3d926f1a25454c3e645d79b28887d_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"\\displaystyle \\begin{pmatrix} 3&amp;1\\\\[1.1ex] 3&amp;1\\end{pmatrix}\\begin{pmatrix}x \\\\[1.1ex] y \\end{pmatrix} =}\\begin{pmatrix}0 \\\\[1.1ex] 0 \\end{pmatrix}\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"54\" width=\"156\" style=\"vertical-align: 0px;\"><\/p>\n<\/p>\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/mathority.org\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-a7a6529e3ed8eb1607caa88475bcbb8f_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"\\displaystyle \\left.\\begin{array}{l} 3x+1y = 0 \\\\[2ex] 3x+1y = 0\\end{array}\\right\\} \\longrightarrow \\ y=-3x\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"65\" width=\"225\" style=\"vertical-align: 0px;\"><\/p>\n<\/p>\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/mathority.org\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-67716508d5a9772f98c3f006f012dff1_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"\\displaystyle v = \\begin{pmatrix}1 \\\\[1.1ex] -3 \\end{pmatrix}\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"54\" width=\"79\" style=\"vertical-align: 0px;\"><\/p>\n<\/p>\n<p class=\"has-text-align-left\"> E ent\u00e3o calculamos o autovetor associado ao autovalor 3: <\/p>\n<\/p>\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/mathority.org\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-50e802072a0f6e2942bc873d6a466909_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"\\displaystyle (A-3I)v=0\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"19\" width=\"108\" style=\"vertical-align: -5px;\"><\/p>\n<\/p>\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/mathority.org\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-20e5d0be7e6dbe91bf15c835dac63b38_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"\\displaystyle \\begin{pmatrix}-1&amp;1\\\\[1.1ex] 3&amp;-3\\end{pmatrix}\\begin{pmatrix}x \\\\[1.1ex] y \\end{pmatrix} =}\\begin{pmatrix}0 \\\\[1.1ex] 0 \\end{pmatrix}\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"54\" width=\"183\" style=\"vertical-align: 0px;\"><\/p>\n<\/p>\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/mathority.org\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-8355b1ade79ba1508633f309926bc221_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"\\displaystyle \\left.\\begin{array}{l} -1x+1y = 0 \\\\[2ex] 3x-3y = 0\\end{array}\\right\\} \\longrightarrow \\ y=x\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"65\" width=\"216\" style=\"vertical-align: 0px;\"><\/p>\n<\/p>\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/mathority.org\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-0f3cac5769795f1730fcbf118fdfbbc3_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"\\displaystyle v = \\begin{pmatrix}1 \\\\[1.1ex] 1 \\end{pmatrix}\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"54\" width=\"66\" style=\"vertical-align: 0px;\"><\/p>\n<\/p>\n<p class=\"has-text-align-left\"> Portanto, os autovalores e autovetores da matriz A s\u00e3o: <\/p>\n<\/p>\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/mathority.org\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-95e2b0bf0405bc0c301600cbb4b2b28a_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"\\displaystyle \\lambda = -1 \\qquad v = \\begin{pmatrix}1 \\\\[1.1ex] -3 \\end{pmatrix}\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"54\" width=\"172\" style=\"vertical-align: 0px;\"><\/p>\n<\/p>\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/mathority.org\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-6322d97c5d24c1227b06dddf4b0974c0_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"\\displaystyle \\lambda = 3 \\qquad v = \\begin{pmatrix}1\\\\[1.1ex] 1 \\end{pmatrix}\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"54\" width=\"144\" style=\"vertical-align: 0px;\"><\/p>\n<\/p>\n<div class=\"wp-block-otfm-box-spoiler-end otfm-sp_end\"><\/div>\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Exerc\u00edcio 3<\/h3>\n<p> Determine os autovalores e os autovetores da seguinte matriz de ordem 3: <\/p>\n<\/p>\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/mathority.org\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-a0e4f4147cbc9e0b657ff432f64bc8e2_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"\\displaystyle A= \\begin{pmatrix}1&amp;2&amp;0\\\\[1.1ex] 2&amp;1&amp;0\\\\[1.1ex] 0&amp;1&amp;2\\end{pmatrix}\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"85\" width=\"122\" style=\"vertical-align: 0px;\"><\/p>\n<\/p>\n<div class=\"wp-block-otfm-box-spoiler-start otfm-sp__wrapper otfm-sp__box js-otfm-sp-box__closed otfm-sp__E3F2FD boto_ver_solucion\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-expanded=\"false\" data-otfm-spc=\"#E3F2FD\" style=\"text-align:center\">\n<div class=\"otfm-sp__title\"> <strong>veja solu\u00e7\u00e3o<\/strong><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p class=\"has-text-align-left\"> Devemos primeiro resolver o determinante da matriz A menos a matriz identidade multiplicada por lambda para obter a equa\u00e7\u00e3o caracter\u00edstica:<\/p>\n<\/p>\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/mathority.org\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-0af2ff4694103925883916b6a974c84d_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"\\displaystyle \\text{det}(A-\\lambda I)= \\begin{vmatrix}1-\\lambda&amp;2&amp;0\\\\[1.1ex] 2&amp;1-\\lambda&amp;0\\\\[1.1ex] 0&amp;1&amp;2-\\lambda\\end{vmatrix}\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"86\" width=\"281\" style=\"vertical-align: 0px;\"><\/p>\n<\/p>\n<p class=\"has-text-align-left\"> Neste caso, a \u00faltima coluna do determinante possui dois zeros, ent\u00e3o aproveitaremos isso para calcular o determinante por cofatores (ou complementos) atrav\u00e9s desta coluna:<\/p>\n<\/p>\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/mathority.org\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-ec7e7a2ec96b8d0721392c28838d105e_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"\\displaystyle \\begin{aligned} \\begin{vmatrix}1-\\lambda&amp;2&amp;0\\\\[1.1ex] 2&amp;1-\\lambda&amp;0\\\\[1.1ex] 0&amp;1&amp;2-\\lambda\\end{vmatrix}&amp; = (2-\\lambda)\\cdot  \\begin{vmatrix}1-\\lambda&amp;2\\\\[1.1ex] 2&amp;1-\\lambda \\end{vmatrix} \\\\[3ex] &amp; = (2-\\lambda)[\\lambda^2 -2\\lambda -3] \\end{aligned}\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"136\" width=\"364\" style=\"vertical-align: 0px;\"><\/p>\n<\/p>\n<p class=\"has-text-align-left\"> Agora precisamos calcular as ra\u00edzes do polin\u00f4mio caracter\u00edstico. \u00c9 melhor n\u00e3o multiplicar os par\u00eanteses porque assim obter\u00edamos um polin\u00f4mio de terceiro grau, por outro lado se os dois fatores forem resolvidos separadamente \u00e9 mais f\u00e1cil obter os autovalores:<\/p>\n<\/p>\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/mathority.org\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-adbfb1815d4a480c0584dfee1d8039fb_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"\\displaystyle (2-\\lambda)[\\lambda^2 -2\\lambda -3]=0 \\ \\longrightarrow \\ \\begin{cases} 2-\\lambda=0 \\ \\longrightarrow \\ \\lambda = 2 \\\\[2ex] \\lambda^2 -2\\lambda -3=0 \\ \\longrightarrow \\begin{cases}\\lambda = -1 \\\\[2ex] \\lambda = 3 \\end{cases} \\end{cases}\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"107\" width=\"489\" style=\"vertical-align: 0px;\"><\/p>\n<\/p>\n<p class=\"has-text-align-left\"> Calculamos o autovetor associado ao autovalor 2: <\/p>\n<\/p>\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/mathority.org\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-6c6944f71d79a33d4789affbc82db4c1_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"\\displaystyle (A-2I)v=0\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"19\" width=\"108\" style=\"vertical-align: -5px;\"><\/p>\n<\/p>\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/mathority.org\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-a6a12c460df4d2f44709c4fd595193dc_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"\\displaystyle \\begin{pmatrix} -1&amp;2&amp;0\\\\[1.1ex] 2&amp;-1&amp;0\\\\[1.1ex] 0&amp;1&amp;0\\end{pmatrix}\\begin{pmatrix}x \\\\[1.1ex] y \\\\[1.1ex] z \\end{pmatrix} =\\begin{pmatrix}0 \\\\[1.1ex] 0\\\\[1.1ex] 0 \\end{pmatrix}\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"85\" width=\"216\" style=\"vertical-align: 0px;\"><\/p>\n<\/p>\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/mathority.org\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-5c24e4b7b060a826203e3a049ddfc191_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"\\displaystyle \\left.\\begin{array}{l} -x+2y = 0 \\\\[2ex] 2x-y = 0\\\\[2ex] y=0 \\end{array}\\right\\} \\longrightarrow \\ \\begin{array}{l} y=0 \\\\[2ex] x=y=0 \\end{array}\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"97\" width=\"248\" style=\"vertical-align: 0px;\"><\/p>\n<\/p>\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/mathority.org\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-75ebf6f61121b67afd80cdcec30a1709_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"\\displaystyle v = \\begin{pmatrix}0 \\\\[1.1ex] 0 \\\\[1.1ex] 1\\end{pmatrix}\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"85\" width=\"68\" style=\"vertical-align: 0px;\"><\/p>\n<\/p>\n<p class=\"has-text-align-left\"> Calculamos o autovetor associado ao autovalor -1: <\/p>\n<\/p>\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/mathority.org\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-76cc8bb12c3b49d4964b2b3f661677ae_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"\\displaystyle (A+I)v=0\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"19\" width=\"99\" style=\"vertical-align: -5px;\"><\/p>\n<\/p>\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/mathority.org\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-d23c4438a53032df27cc5334d4437c18_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"\\displaystyle \\begin{pmatrix} 2&amp;2&amp;0\\\\[1.1ex] 2&amp;2&amp;0\\\\[1.1ex] 0&amp;1&amp;3\\end{pmatrix}\\begin{pmatrix}x \\\\[1.1ex] y \\\\[1.1ex] z \\end{pmatrix} =\\begin{pmatrix}0 \\\\[1.1ex] 0\\\\[1.1ex] 0 \\end{pmatrix}\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"85\" width=\"188\" style=\"vertical-align: 0px;\"><\/p>\n<\/p>\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/mathority.org\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-e023d57d34510e5e8f3a37c20d170e72_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"\\displaystyle \\left.\\begin{array}{l} 2x+2y = 0 \\\\[2ex] 2x+2y = 0\\\\[2ex] y+3z=0 \\end{array}\\right\\} \\longrightarrow \\ \\begin{array}{l} x=-y \\\\[2ex] y=-3z \\end{array}\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"97\" width=\"233\" style=\"vertical-align: 0px;\"><\/p>\n<\/p>\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/mathority.org\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-0be9ef18fb17845818bdd9de51dcb114_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"\\displaystyle v = \\begin{pmatrix}3 \\\\[1.1ex] -3 \\\\[1.1ex] 1\\end{pmatrix}\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"85\" width=\"82\" style=\"vertical-align: 0px;\"><\/p>\n<\/p>\n<p class=\"has-text-align-left\"> Calculamos o autovetor associado ao autovalor 3: <\/p>\n<\/p>\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/mathority.org\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-50e802072a0f6e2942bc873d6a466909_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"\\displaystyle (A-3I)v=0\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"19\" width=\"108\" style=\"vertical-align: -5px;\"><\/p>\n<\/p>\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/mathority.org\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-d0360154b87545dd87e1b0b7bc06f4e7_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"\\displaystyle \\begin{pmatrix} -2&amp;2&amp;0\\\\[1.1ex] 2&amp;-2&amp;0\\\\[1.1ex] 0&amp;1&amp;-1\\end{pmatrix}\\begin{pmatrix}x \\\\[1.1ex] y \\\\[1.1ex] z \\end{pmatrix} =\\begin{pmatrix}0 \\\\[1.1ex] 0\\\\[1.1ex] 0 \\end{pmatrix}\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"85\" width=\"229\" style=\"vertical-align: 0px;\"><\/p>\n<\/p>\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/mathority.org\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-b8d514791286e43eae4b09d893d528df_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"\\displaystyle \\left.\\begin{array}{l} -2x+2y = 0 \\\\[2ex] 2x-2y = 0\\\\[2ex] y-z=0 \\end{array}\\right\\} \\longrightarrow \\ \\begin{array}{l} x=y \\\\[2ex] y=z \\end{array}\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"97\" width=\"224\" style=\"vertical-align: 0px;\"><\/p>\n<\/p>\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/mathority.org\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-99f86f65a5a9c69119285377d88f2efa_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"\\displaystyle v = \\begin{pmatrix}1 \\\\[1.1ex] 1 \\\\[1.1ex] 1\\end{pmatrix}\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"85\" width=\"68\" style=\"vertical-align: 0px;\"><\/p>\n<\/p>\n<p class=\"has-text-align-left\"> Portanto, os autovalores e autovetores da matriz A s\u00e3o: <\/p>\n<\/p>\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/mathority.org\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-fe42249314c1698847242c608bd65843_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"\\displaystyle \\lambda = 2 \\qquad v = \\begin{pmatrix}0 \\\\[1.1ex] 0 \\\\[1.1ex] 1\\end{pmatrix}\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"85\" width=\"146\" style=\"vertical-align: 0px;\"><\/p>\n<\/p>\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/mathority.org\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-d412e1f81df9d6425db73113aaae5cd8_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"\\displaystyle \\lambda = -1 \\qquad v = \\begin{pmatrix}3 \\\\[1.1ex] -3 \\\\[1.1ex] 1\\end{pmatrix}\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"85\" width=\"174\" style=\"vertical-align: 0px;\"><\/p>\n<\/p>\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/mathority.org\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-f581aa37c9698dfb32062777a5a75b11_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"\\displaystyle \\lambda = 3 \\qquad v = \\begin{pmatrix}1\\\\[1.1ex] 1 \\\\[1.1ex] 1\\end{pmatrix}\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"85\" width=\"146\" style=\"vertical-align: 0px;\"><\/p>\n<\/p>\n<div class=\"wp-block-otfm-box-spoiler-end otfm-sp_end\"><\/div>\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Exerc\u00edcio 4<\/h3>\n<p> Calcule os autovalores e autovetores da seguinte matriz quadrada 3&#215;3: <\/p>\n<\/p>\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/mathority.org\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-1323184f42d56f070e5b46a75a2e5c4d_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"\\displaystyle A= \\begin{pmatrix}2&amp;1&amp;3\\\\[1.1ex]-1&amp;1&amp;1\\\\[1.1ex] 1&amp;2&amp;4\\end{pmatrix}\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"85\" width=\"136\" style=\"vertical-align: 0px;\"><\/p>\n<\/p>\n<div class=\"wp-block-otfm-box-spoiler-start otfm-sp__wrapper otfm-sp__box js-otfm-sp-box__closed otfm-sp__E3F2FD boto_ver_solucion\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-expanded=\"false\" data-otfm-spc=\"#E3F2FD\" style=\"text-align:center\">\n<div class=\"otfm-sp__title\"> <strong>veja solu\u00e7\u00e3o<\/strong><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p class=\"has-text-align-left\"> Primeiro resolvemos o determinante da matriz menos \u03bb em sua diagonal principal para obter a equa\u00e7\u00e3o caracter\u00edstica:<\/p>\n<\/p>\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/mathority.org\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-bc48c8489b25004ef131cc6ced36b929_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"\\displaystyle \\text{det}(A-\\lambda I)= \\begin{vmatrix}2-\\lambda&amp;1&amp;3\\\\[1.1ex]-1&amp;1-\\lambda&amp;1\\\\[1.1ex] 1&amp;2&amp;4-\\lambda\\end{vmatrix}=-\\lambda^3+7\\lambda^2-10\\lambda\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"86\" width=\"437\" style=\"vertical-align: 0px;\"><\/p>\n<\/p>\n<p class=\"has-text-align-left\"> Extra\u00edmos um fator comum do polin\u00f4mio caracter\u00edstico e resolvemos \u03bb de cada equa\u00e7\u00e3o:<\/p>\n<\/p>\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/mathority.org\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-411dab2f65b426c37f8427d81ef13e97_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"\\displaystyle \\lambda(-\\lambda^2+7\\lambda-10)=0 \\ \\longrightarrow \\ \\begin{cases} \\lambda=0\\\\[2ex] -\\lambda^2+7\\lambda-10=0 \\ \\longrightarrow \\begin{cases}\\lambda = 2 \\\\[2ex] \\lambda = 5 \\end{cases} \\end{cases}\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"107\" width=\"481\" style=\"vertical-align: 0px;\"><\/p>\n<\/p>\n<p class=\"has-text-align-left\"> Calculamos o autovetor associado ao autovalor 0: <\/p>\n<\/p>\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/mathority.org\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-0e3b04137690f84b723e3ed568e1114a_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"\\displaystyle (A-0I)v=0\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"19\" width=\"108\" style=\"vertical-align: -5px;\"><\/p>\n<\/p>\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/mathority.org\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-bd7ebe2424c6524d522d5bba16d72d33_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"\\displaystyle \\begin{pmatrix} 2&amp;1&amp;3\\\\[1.1ex]-1&amp;1&amp;1\\\\[1.1ex] 1&amp;2&amp;4\\end{pmatrix}\\begin{pmatrix}x \\\\[1.1ex] y \\\\[1.1ex] z \\end{pmatrix} =\\begin{pmatrix}0 \\\\[1.1ex] 0\\\\[1.1ex] 0 \\end{pmatrix}\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"85\" width=\"202\" style=\"vertical-align: 0px;\"><\/p>\n<\/p>\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/mathority.org\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-12cd10d2dc8afdb7a045beae4946b64d_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"\\displaystyle \\left.\\begin{array}{l} 2x+y+3z= 0 \\\\[2ex] -x+y+z= 0\\\\[2ex] x+2y+4z=0 \\end{array}\\right\\} \\longrightarrow \\ \\begin{array}{l} x=-\\cfrac{2z}{3} \\\\[4ex] y=-\\cfrac{5z}{3} \\end{array}\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"104\" width=\"266\" style=\"vertical-align: 0px;\"><\/p>\n<\/p>\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/mathority.org\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-a34877b285f281c83d7e73fa8eb40b9f_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"\\displaystyle v = \\begin{pmatrix}-2 \\\\[1.1ex] -5\\\\[1.1ex] 3\\end{pmatrix}\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"85\" width=\"82\" style=\"vertical-align: 0px;\"><\/p>\n<\/p>\n<p class=\"has-text-align-left\"> Calculamos o autovetor associado ao autovalor 2: <\/p>\n<\/p>\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/mathority.org\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-6c6944f71d79a33d4789affbc82db4c1_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"\\displaystyle (A-2I)v=0\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"19\" width=\"108\" style=\"vertical-align: -5px;\"><\/p>\n<\/p>\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/mathority.org\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-fbcc697a3be877838fae3507dd3c1b68_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"\\displaystyle \\begin{pmatrix} 0&amp;1&amp;3\\\\[1.1ex]-1&amp;-1&amp;1\\\\[1.1ex] 1&amp;2&amp;2\\end{pmatrix}\\begin{pmatrix}x \\\\[1.1ex] y \\\\[1.1ex] z \\end{pmatrix} =\\begin{pmatrix}0 \\\\[1.1ex] 0\\\\[1.1ex] 0 \\end{pmatrix}\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"85\" width=\"216\" style=\"vertical-align: 0px;\"><\/p>\n<\/p>\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/mathority.org\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-bb8d470bc7bff9f5d8d5a0245b1e7cbf_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"\\displaystyle \\left.\\begin{array}{l} y+3z = 0 \\\\[2ex] -x-y+z= 0\\\\[2ex] x+2y+2z=0 \\end{array}\\right\\} \\longrightarrow \\ \\begin{array}{l} y=-3z \\\\[2ex] x=4z \\end{array}\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"97\" width=\"263\" style=\"vertical-align: 0px;\"><\/p>\n<\/p>\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/mathority.org\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-30e589c5ae6b940b901454c296d8342b_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"\\displaystyle v = \\begin{pmatrix}4\\\\[1.1ex] -3 \\\\[1.1ex] 1\\end{pmatrix}\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"85\" width=\"82\" style=\"vertical-align: 0px;\"><\/p>\n<\/p>\n<p class=\"has-text-align-left\"> Calculamos o autovetor associado ao autovalor 5: <\/p>\n<\/p>\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/mathority.org\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-f48052a078660236820e9f605996e193_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"\\displaystyle (A-5I)v=0\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"19\" width=\"108\" style=\"vertical-align: -5px;\"><\/p>\n<\/p>\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/mathority.org\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-aaf6f17dedf5eecd1e035b9da59da2c9_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"\\displaystyle \\begin{pmatrix} -3&amp;1&amp;3\\\\[1.1ex]-1&amp;-4&amp;1\\\\[1.1ex] 1&amp;2&amp;-1\\end{pmatrix}\\begin{pmatrix}x \\\\[1.1ex] y \\\\[1.1ex] z \\end{pmatrix} =\\begin{pmatrix}0 \\\\[1.1ex] 0\\\\[1.1ex] 0 \\end{pmatrix}\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"85\" width=\"229\" style=\"vertical-align: 0px;\"><\/p>\n<\/p>\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\">\n<\/p>\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/mathority.org\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-dca8569528fb4923639dd535e25a0f74_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"\\displaystyle \\left.\\begin{array}{l} -3x+y+3z = 0 \\\\[2ex] -x-4y+z = 0\\\\[2ex] x+2y-z=0 \\end{array}\\right\\} \\longrightarrow \\ \\begin{array}{l} x=z \\\\[2ex] y=0 \\end{array}\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"97\" width=\"255\" style=\"vertical-align: 0px;\"><\/p>\n<\/p>\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/mathority.org\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-308b2f0f597fcc084d8d06d6c45fd3e5_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"\\displaystyle v = \\begin{pmatrix}1 \\\\[1.1ex] 0 \\\\[1.1ex] 1\\end{pmatrix}\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"85\" width=\"68\" style=\"vertical-align: 0px;\"><\/p>\n<\/p>\n<p class=\"has-text-align-left\"> Portanto, os autovalores e autovetores da matriz A s\u00e3o: <\/p>\n<\/p>\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/mathority.org\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-62d8a98f007b72910fcd79622eda19e7_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"\\displaystyle \\lambda = 0 \\qquad v = \\begin{pmatrix}-2 \\\\[1.1ex] -5 \\\\[1.1ex] 3\\end{pmatrix}\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"85\" width=\"160\" style=\"vertical-align: 0px;\"><\/p>\n<\/p>\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/mathority.org\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-ee67e876a46b09430d2d73a653f2d743_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"\\displaystyle \\lambda = 2 \\qquad v = \\begin{pmatrix}4 \\\\[1.1ex] -3 \\\\[1.1ex] 1\\end{pmatrix}\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"85\" width=\"160\" style=\"vertical-align: 0px;\"><\/p>\n<\/p>\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/mathority.org\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-99e4e8b0b837c26991777a294f30d49a_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"\\displaystyle \\lambda = 5 \\qquad v = \\begin{pmatrix}1\\\\[1.1ex] 0 \\\\[1.1ex] 1\\end{pmatrix}\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"85\" width=\"146\" style=\"vertical-align: 0px;\"><\/p>\n<\/p>\n<div class=\"wp-block-otfm-box-spoiler-end otfm-sp_end\"><\/div>\n<div class=\"adsb30\" style=\" margin:12px; text-align:center\">\n<div id=\"ezoic-pub-ad-placeholder-119\"><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"> Exerc\u00edcio 5<\/h3>\n<p> Calcule os autovalores e autovetores da seguinte matriz 3&#215;3: <\/p>\n<\/p>\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/mathority.org\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-a39253beac54a05e9e84d431daf43362_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"\\displaystyle A= \\begin{pmatrix}2&amp;2&amp;2\\\\[1.1ex] 1&amp;2&amp;0\\\\[1.1ex] 0&amp;1&amp;3\\end{pmatrix}\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"85\" width=\"122\" style=\"vertical-align: 0px;\"><\/p>\n<\/p>\n<div class=\"wp-block-otfm-box-spoiler-start otfm-sp__wrapper otfm-sp__box js-otfm-sp-box__closed otfm-sp__E3F2FD boto_ver_solucion\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-expanded=\"false\" data-otfm-spc=\"#E3F2FD\" style=\"text-align:center\">\n<div class=\"otfm-sp__title\"> <strong>veja solu\u00e7\u00e3o<\/strong><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p class=\"has-text-align-left\"> Primeiro resolvemos o determinante da matriz menos \u03bb em sua diagonal principal para obter a equa\u00e7\u00e3o caracter\u00edstica:<\/p>\n<\/p>\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/mathority.org\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-9392bbf957bee6c445c64192ae96a2ce_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"\\displaystyle \\text{det}(A-\\lambda I)= \\begin{vmatrix}2-\\lambda&amp;2&amp;2\\\\[1.1ex] 1&amp;2-\\lambda&amp;0\\\\[1.1ex] 0&amp;1&amp;3-\\lambda\\end{vmatrix}=-\\lambda^3+7\\lambda^2-14\\lambda+8\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"86\" width=\"468\" style=\"vertical-align: 0px;\"><\/p>\n<\/p>\n<p class=\"has-text-align-left\"> Encontramos uma raiz do polin\u00f4mio caracter\u00edstico ou do polin\u00f4mio m\u00ednimo usando a regra de Ruffini:<\/p>\n<\/p>\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/mathority.org\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-152ec29207fec8bdac7dabe9e1fbff31_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"\\displaystyle \\begin{array}{r|rrrr} &amp; -1&amp;7&amp;-14&amp;8 \\\\[2ex] 1 &amp; &amp; -1&amp;6&amp;-8 \\\\ \\hline &amp;-1\\vphantom{\\Bigl)}&amp;6&amp;-8&amp;0 \\end{array}\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"93\" width=\"190\" style=\"vertical-align: 0px;\"><\/p>\n<\/p>\n<p class=\"has-text-align-left\"> E ent\u00e3o encontramos as ra\u00edzes do polin\u00f4mio obtido:<\/p>\n<\/p>\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/mathority.org\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-b92304d107c097ec5712527929011440_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"\\displaystyle -\\lambda^2+6\\lambda -8=0 \\ \\longrightarrow \\ \\begin{cases} \\lambda =2 \\\\[2ex] \\lambda = 4 \\end{cases}\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"65\" width=\"244\" style=\"vertical-align: 0px;\"><\/p>\n<\/p>\n<p class=\"has-text-align-left\"> Portanto, os autovalores da matriz s\u00e3o:<\/p>\n<\/p>\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/mathority.org\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-05492792022e885b332adb0cbba45a0d_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"\\lambda=1 \\qquad \\lambda =2 \\qquad \\lambda = 4\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"12\" width=\"200\" style=\"vertical-align: 0px;\"><\/p>\n<\/p>\n<p class=\"has-text-align-left\"> Calculamos o autovetor associado ao autovalor 1: <\/p>\n<\/p>\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/mathority.org\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-78173073be8dbdcab8a122ade043906d_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"\\displaystyle (A-1I)v=0\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"19\" width=\"108\" style=\"vertical-align: -5px;\"><\/p>\n<\/p>\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/mathority.org\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-981cc7881e44436326a35a7cc36ad26a_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"\\displaystyle \\begin{pmatrix} 1&amp;2&amp;2\\\\[1.1ex] 1&amp;1&amp;0\\\\[1.1ex] 0&amp;1&amp;2\\end{pmatrix}\\begin{pmatrix}x \\\\[1.1ex] y \\\\[1.1ex] z \\end{pmatrix} =\\begin{pmatrix}0 \\\\[1.1ex] 0\\\\[1.1ex] 0 \\end{pmatrix}\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"85\" width=\"188\" style=\"vertical-align: 0px;\"><\/p>\n<\/p>\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/mathority.org\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-d928870722dec65e8b48f7175d5dd4ba_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"\\displaystyle \\left.\\begin{array}{l} x+2y+2z= 0 \\\\[2ex] x+y= 0\\\\[2ex] y+2z=0 \\end{array}\\right\\} \\longrightarrow \\ \\begin{array}{l} x=-y \\\\[2ex] y=-2z \\end{array}\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"97\" width=\"263\" style=\"vertical-align: 0px;\"><\/p>\n<\/p>\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/mathority.org\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-da5ca9263773369d5824688b71a31644_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"\\displaystyle v = \\begin{pmatrix}2 \\\\[1.1ex] -2\\\\[1.1ex] 1\\end{pmatrix}\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"85\" width=\"82\" style=\"vertical-align: 0px;\"><\/p>\n<\/p>\n<p class=\"has-text-align-left\"> Calculamos o autovetor associado ao autovalor 2: <\/p>\n<\/p>\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/mathority.org\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-6c6944f71d79a33d4789affbc82db4c1_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"\\displaystyle (A-2I)v=0\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"19\" width=\"108\" style=\"vertical-align: -5px;\"><\/p>\n<\/p>\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/mathority.org\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-b9d1686e2947a9bbe1dc10b373128e1e_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"\\displaystyle \\begin{pmatrix} 0&amp;2&amp;2\\\\[1.1ex] 1&amp;0&amp;0\\\\[1.1ex] 0&amp;1&amp;1\\end{pmatrix}\\begin{pmatrix}x \\\\[1.1ex] y \\\\[1.1ex] z \\end{pmatrix} =\\begin{pmatrix}0 \\\\[1.1ex] 0\\\\[1.1ex] 0 \\end{pmatrix}\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"85\" width=\"188\" style=\"vertical-align: 0px;\"><\/p>\n<\/p>\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/mathority.org\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-6000063fd1cc954e119cd5d73d08c405_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"\\displaystyle \\left.\\begin{array}{l} 2y+2z = 0 \\\\[2ex] x= 0\\\\[2ex] y+z=0 \\end{array}\\right\\} \\longrightarrow \\ \\begin{array}{l} y=-z \\\\[2ex] x=0\\end{array}\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"97\" width=\"222\" style=\"vertical-align: 0px;\"><\/p>\n<\/p>\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/mathority.org\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-d47216be7fc08447ac3022a105a086b1_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"\\displaystyle v = \\begin{pmatrix}0\\\\[1.1ex] -1 \\\\[1.1ex] 1\\end{pmatrix}\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"85\" width=\"82\" style=\"vertical-align: 0px;\"><\/p>\n<\/p>\n<p class=\"has-text-align-left\"> Calculamos o autovetor associado ao autovalor 4: <\/p>\n<\/p>\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/mathority.org\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-0545c0847763140ccc62a58cf4207c6c_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"\\displaystyle (A-4I)v=0\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"19\" width=\"108\" style=\"vertical-align: -5px;\"><\/p>\n<\/p>\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/mathority.org\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-15e38e9899a9e8bb47cfbf10a4f05075_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"\\displaystyle \\begin{pmatrix} -2&amp;2&amp;2\\\\[1.1ex] 1&amp;-2&amp;0\\\\[1.1ex] 0&amp;1&amp;-1\\end{pmatrix}\\begin{pmatrix}x \\\\[1.1ex] y \\\\[1.1ex] z \\end{pmatrix} =\\begin{pmatrix}0 \\\\[1.1ex] 0\\\\[1.1ex] 0 \\end{pmatrix}\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"85\" width=\"229\" style=\"vertical-align: 0px;\"><\/p>\n<\/p>\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/mathority.org\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-004d61132ba8eeee123d8614432cbce2_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"\\displaystyle \\left.\\begin{array}{l} -2x+2y+2z = 0 \\\\[2ex] x-2y = 0\\\\[2ex] y-z=0 \\end{array}\\right\\} \\longrightarrow \\ \\begin{array}{l} x=2y \\\\[2ex] y=z \\end{array}\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"97\" width=\"273\" style=\"vertical-align: 0px;\"><\/p>\n<\/p>\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/mathority.org\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-5871bb6e88776aab87e0239540d43677_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"\\displaystyle v = \\begin{pmatrix}2 \\\\[1.1ex] 1 \\\\[1.1ex] 1\\end{pmatrix}\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"85\" width=\"68\" style=\"vertical-align: 0px;\"><\/p>\n<\/p>\n<p class=\"has-text-align-left\"> Portanto, os autovalores e autovetores da matriz A s\u00e3o: <\/p>\n<\/p>\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/mathority.org\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-f1ea8e2eff0c179b9872da8f6fab2d4e_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"\\displaystyle \\lambda = 1 \\qquad v = \\begin{pmatrix}2\\\\[1.1ex] -2 \\\\[1.1ex] 1\\end{pmatrix}\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"85\" width=\"160\" style=\"vertical-align: 0px;\"><\/p>\n<\/p>\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/mathority.org\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-edc6fd09f9c6a12b26518a9103cc6610_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"\\displaystyle \\lambda = 2 \\qquad v = \\begin{pmatrix}0 \\\\[1.1ex] -1 \\\\[1.1ex] 1\\end{pmatrix}\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"85\" width=\"160\" style=\"vertical-align: 0px;\"><\/p>\n<\/p>\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/mathority.org\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-b492e98d771e76e77dc68d2fe2ea92c4_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"\\displaystyle \\lambda = 4 \\qquad v = \\begin{pmatrix}2 \\\\[1.1ex] 1 \\\\[1.1ex] 1\\end{pmatrix}\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"85\" width=\"146\" style=\"vertical-align: 0px;\"><\/p>\n<\/p>\n<div class=\"wp-block-otfm-box-spoiler-end otfm-sp_end\"><\/div>\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Exerc\u00edcio 6<\/h3>\n<p> Encontre os autovalores e autovetores da seguinte matriz 4\u00d74: <\/p>\n<\/p>\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/mathority.org\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-5cb04190d6f536d33b22265317441144_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"\\displaystyle A=\\begin{pmatrix}1&amp;0&amp;-1&amp;0\\\\[1.1ex] 2&amp;-1&amp;-3&amp;0\\\\[1.1ex] -2&amp;0&amp;2&amp;0\\\\[1.1ex] 0&amp;0&amp;0&amp;3\\end{pmatrix}\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"107\" width=\"189\" style=\"vertical-align: 0px;\"><\/p>\n<\/p>\n<div class=\"wp-block-otfm-box-spoiler-start otfm-sp__wrapper otfm-sp__box js-otfm-sp-box__closed otfm-sp__E3F2FD boto_ver_solucion\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-expanded=\"false\" data-otfm-spc=\"#E3F2FD\" style=\"text-align:center\">\n<div class=\"otfm-sp__title\"> <strong>veja solu\u00e7\u00e3o<\/strong><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p class=\"has-text-align-left\"> Devemos primeiro resolver o determinante da matriz menos \u03bb na sua diagonal principal para obter a equa\u00e7\u00e3o caracter\u00edstica:<\/p>\n<\/p>\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/mathority.org\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-35cae2dd143d77e22a522b49e8d43f3d_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"\\displaystyle \\text{det}(A-\\lambda I)= \\begin{vmatrix}1-\\lambda&amp;0&amp;-1&amp;0\\\\[1.1ex] 2&amp;-1-\\lambda&amp;-3&amp;0\\\\[1.1ex] -2&amp;0&amp;2-\\lambda&amp;0\\\\[1.1ex] 0&amp;0&amp;0&amp;3-\\lambda\\end{vmatrix}\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"108\" width=\"352\" style=\"vertical-align: 0px;\"><\/p>\n<\/p>\n<p class=\"has-text-align-left\"> Neste caso, a \u00faltima coluna do determinante cont\u00e9m apenas zeros exceto um elemento, portanto aproveitaremos isso para calcular o determinante por cofatores atrav\u00e9s desta coluna:<\/p>\n<\/p>\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/mathority.org\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-456b0612b308c03fd1643a5ba0f332e5_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"\\displaystyle \\begin{aligned} \\begin{vmatrix}1-\\lambda&amp;0&amp;-1&amp;0\\\\[1.1ex] 2&amp;-1-\\lambda&amp;-3&amp;0\\\\[1.1ex] -2&amp;0&amp;2-\\lambda&amp;0\\\\[1.1ex] 0&amp;0&amp;0&amp;3-\\lambda\\end{vmatrix}&amp; = (3-\\lambda)\\cdot  \\begin{vmatrix}1-\\lambda&amp;0&amp;-1\\\\[1.1ex] 2&amp;-1-\\lambda&amp;-3\\\\[1.1ex] -2&amp;0&amp;2-\\lambda\\end{vmatrix} \\\\[3ex] &amp; = (3-\\lambda)[-\\lambda^3 +2\\lambda^2 +3\\lambda] \\end{aligned}\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"161\" width=\"505\" style=\"vertical-align: 0px;\"><\/p>\n<\/p>\n<p class=\"has-text-align-left\"> Devemos agora calcular as ra\u00edzes do polin\u00f4mio caracter\u00edstico. \u00c9 melhor n\u00e3o multiplicar os par\u00eanteses porque assim obter\u00edamos um polin\u00f4mio de quarto grau, por outro lado se os dois fatores forem resolvidos separadamente \u00e9 mais f\u00e1cil calcular os autovalores: <\/p>\n<\/p>\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/mathority.org\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-ef6e59f8631cac087c988004aa512b62_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"\\displaystyle (3-\\lambda)[-\\lambda^3 +2\\lambda^2 +3\\lambda]=0 \\ \\longrightarrow \\ \\begin{cases} 3-\\lambda=0 \\ \\longrightarrow \\ \\lambda = 3 \\\\[2ex] -\\lambda^3 +2\\lambda^2 +3\\lambda =0 \\ \\longrightarrow \\ \\lambda(-\\lambda^2 +2\\lambda +3) =0 \\end{cases}\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"65\" width=\"620\" style=\"vertical-align: 0px;\"><\/p>\n<\/p>\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/mathority.org\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-786b2892e7045f117498697407d35552_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"\\displaystyle \\lambda(-\\lambda^2 +2\\lambda +3)=0 \\ \\longrightarrow \\ \\begin{cases} \\lambda=0  \\\\[2ex] -\\lambda^2 +2\\lambda +3=0 \\ \\longrightarrow \\ \\begin{cases} \\lambda=-1 \\\\[2ex] \\lambda = 3 \\end{cases}\\end{cases}\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"107\" width=\"483\" style=\"vertical-align: 0px;\"><\/p>\n<\/p>\n<p class=\"has-text-align-left\"> Calculamos o autovetor associado ao autovalor 0: <\/p>\n<\/p>\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/mathority.org\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-0e3b04137690f84b723e3ed568e1114a_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"\\displaystyle (A-0I)v=0\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"19\" width=\"108\" style=\"vertical-align: -5px;\"><\/p>\n<\/p>\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/mathority.org\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-f43f22947b29779ef456e4ac7a5d66a0_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"\\displaystyle \\begin{pmatrix} 1&amp;0&amp;-1&amp;0\\\\[1.1ex] 2&amp;-1&amp;-3&amp;0\\\\[1.1ex] -2&amp;0&amp;2&amp;0\\\\[1.1ex] 0&amp;0&amp;0&amp;3\\end{pmatrix}\\begin{pmatrix}w \\\\[1.1ex] x \\\\[1.1ex] y\\\\[1.1ex] z \\end{pmatrix} =\\begin{pmatrix}0 \\\\[1.1ex] 0\\\\[1.1ex] 0 \\\\[1.1ex] 0\\end{pmatrix}\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"107\" width=\"258\" style=\"vertical-align: 0px;\"><\/p>\n<\/p>\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/mathority.org\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-c1d7e96203dceb7288f89ab932532351_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"\\displaystyle \\left.\\begin{array}{l} w-y = 0 \\\\[2ex] 2w-x-3y = 0\\\\[2ex] -2w+2y=0 \\\\[2ex] 3z=0 \\end{array}\\right\\} \\longrightarrow \\ \\begin{array}{l} w=y \\\\[2ex] x=-w  \\\\[2ex]z=0 \\end{array}\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"129\" width=\"263\" style=\"vertical-align: 0px;\"><\/p>\n<\/p>\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/mathority.org\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-3c4a8b3ef3502a2bf8efd6cc398b5ae6_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"\\displaystyle v = \\begin{pmatrix}1 \\\\[1.1ex] -1 \\\\[1.1ex] 1  \\\\[1.1ex]0 \\end{pmatrix}\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"107\" width=\"82\" style=\"vertical-align: 0px;\"><\/p>\n<\/p>\n<p class=\"has-text-align-left\"> Calculamos o autovetor associado ao autovalor -1: <\/p>\n<\/p>\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/mathority.org\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-cdddf8c6da3e8066da62f60da7e9c603_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"\\displaystyle (A+1I)v=0\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"19\" width=\"108\" style=\"vertical-align: -5px;\"><\/p>\n<\/p>\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/mathority.org\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-7fbbdceca419f15672da0dcb7c15078c_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"\\displaystyle \\begin{pmatrix} 2&amp;0&amp;-1&amp;0\\\\[1.1ex] 2&amp;0&amp;-3&amp;0\\\\[1.1ex] -2&amp;0&amp;3&amp;0\\\\[1.1ex] 0&amp;0&amp;0&amp;4\\end{pmatrix}\\begin{pmatrix}w \\\\[1.1ex] x \\\\[1.1ex] y\\\\[1.1ex] z \\end{pmatrix} =\\begin{pmatrix}0 \\\\[1.1ex] 0\\\\[1.1ex] 0 \\\\[1.1ex] 0\\end{pmatrix}\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"107\" width=\"244\" style=\"vertical-align: 0px;\"><\/p>\n<\/p>\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/mathority.org\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-3ff9a5afa0cefa73985e7ba00c945dac_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"\\displaystyle \\left.\\begin{array}{l} 2w-y = 0 \\\\[2ex] 2w-3y = 0\\\\[2ex] -2w+3y=0 \\\\[2ex] 4z=0 \\end{array}\\right\\} \\longrightarrow \\ \\begin{array}{l} y=w=0  \\\\[2ex]z=0 \\end{array}\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"129\" width=\"263\" style=\"vertical-align: 0px;\"><\/p>\n<\/p>\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/mathority.org\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-daee73fdcebacce8a5e5f7104ed9c213_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"\\displaystyle v = \\begin{pmatrix}0 \\\\[1.1ex] 1 \\\\[1.1ex] 0  \\\\[1.1ex]0 \\end{pmatrix}\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"107\" width=\"68\" style=\"vertical-align: 0px;\"><\/p>\n<\/p>\n<p class=\"has-text-align-left\"> Calculamos o autovetor associado ao autovalor 3: <\/p>\n<\/p>\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/mathority.org\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-50e802072a0f6e2942bc873d6a466909_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"\\displaystyle (A-3I)v=0\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"19\" width=\"108\" style=\"vertical-align: -5px;\"><\/p>\n<\/p>\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/mathority.org\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-6493c6019a8b9be3254db2ffeaa19703_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"\\displaystyle \\begin{pmatrix} -2&amp;0&amp;-1&amp;0\\\\[1.1ex] 2&amp;-4&amp;-3&amp;0\\\\[1.1ex] -2&amp;0&amp;-1&amp;0\\\\[1.1ex] 0&amp;0&amp;0&amp;0\\end{pmatrix}\\begin{pmatrix}w \\\\[1.1ex] x \\\\[1.1ex] y\\\\[1.1ex] z \\end{pmatrix} =\\begin{pmatrix}0 \\\\[1.1ex] 0\\\\[1.1ex] 0 \\\\[1.1ex] 0\\end{pmatrix}\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"107\" width=\"258\" style=\"vertical-align: 0px;\"><\/p>\n<\/p>\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/mathority.org\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-fbcbd01420d80be317ecbec57010b662_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"\\displaystyle \\left.\\begin{array}{l} -2w-y = 0 \\\\[2ex] 2w-4x-3y = 0\\\\[2ex] -2w-y=0 \\\\[2ex] 0=0 \\end{array}\\right\\} \\longrightarrow \\ \\begin{array}{l} y=-2w \\\\[2ex] x=2w  \\end{array}\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"129\" width=\"280\" style=\"vertical-align: 0px;\"><\/p>\n<\/p>\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/mathority.org\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-3b70eeb51bea073f058763401adf5240_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"\\displaystyle v = \\begin{pmatrix}1 \\\\[1.1ex] 2 \\\\[1.1ex] -2  \\\\[1.1ex]0 \\end{pmatrix}\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"107\" width=\"82\" style=\"vertical-align: 0px;\"><\/p>\n<\/p>\n<p class=\"has-text-align-left\"> O autovalor 3 tem multiplicidade igual a 2, pois se repete duas vezes. Devemos, portanto, encontrar outro autovetor que satisfa\u00e7a as mesmas equa\u00e7\u00f5es:<\/p>\n<\/p>\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/mathority.org\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-5dc5fd38503b7683d8a7e3df9da9ee8d_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"\\displaystyle v = \\begin{pmatrix}0 \\\\[1.1ex] 0 \\\\[1.1ex] 0  \\\\[1.1ex]1 \\end{pmatrix}\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"107\" width=\"68\" style=\"vertical-align: 0px;\"><\/p>\n<\/p>\n<p class=\"has-text-align-left\"> Portanto, os autovalores e autovetores da matriz A s\u00e3o: <\/p>\n<\/p>\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/mathority.org\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-b8bd7188d1d3ed1abe178d9b5f5bbc0e_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"\\displaystyle \\lambda = 0 \\qquad v = \\begin{pmatrix}1 \\\\[1.1ex] -1 \\\\[1.1ex] 1  \\\\[1.1ex]0\\end{pmatrix}\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"107\" width=\"160\" style=\"vertical-align: 0px;\"><\/p>\n<\/p>\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/mathority.org\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-2ea128d2a6e5387bd538ac3d0119b2ce_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"\\displaystyle \\lambda = -1 \\qquad v = \\begin{pmatrix}0 \\\\[1.1ex] 1 \\\\[1.1ex] 0  \\\\[1.1ex]0 \\end{pmatrix}\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"107\" width=\"160\" style=\"vertical-align: 0px;\"><\/p>\n<\/p>\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/mathority.org\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-22d83a8f13bdb44bf1c23f3c6b963d65_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"\\displaystyle \\lambda = 3 \\qquad v = \\begin{pmatrix}1 \\\\[1.1ex] 2 \\\\[1.1ex] -2  \\\\[1.1ex]0\\end{pmatrix}\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"107\" width=\"160\" style=\"vertical-align: 0px;\"><\/p>\n<\/p>\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/mathority.org\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-65cd815fe71a1c6d8063f0f78e3422a9_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"\\displaystyle \\lambda = 3 \\qquad v = \\begin{pmatrix}0 \\\\[1.1ex] 0 \\\\[1.1ex] 0  \\\\[1.1ex]1\\end{pmatrix}\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"107\" width=\"146\" style=\"vertical-align: 0px;\"><\/p>\n<\/p>\n<div class=\"wp-block-otfm-box-spoiler-end otfm-sp_end\"><\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Nesta p\u00e1gina explicamos o que s\u00e3o autovalores e autovetores, tamb\u00e9m chamados de autovalores e autovetores respectivamente. Voc\u00ea tamb\u00e9m encontrar\u00e1 exemplos de como calcul\u00e1-los, bem como exerc\u00edcios resolvidos passo a passo para praticar. O que \u00e9 um autovalor e um autovetor? Embora a no\u00e7\u00e3o de autovalor e autovetor seja dif\u00edcil de entender, sua defini\u00e7\u00e3o \u00e9 a &hellip;<\/p>\n<p class=\"read-more\"> <a class=\"\" href=\"https:\/\/mathority.org\/pt\/calcular-autovalores-autovalores-e-autovetores-autovetores-de-uma-matriz\/\"> <span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Autovalores (ou autovalores) e autovetores (ou autovetores) de uma matriz<\/span> Leia mais &raquo;<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"site-sidebar-layout":"default","site-content-layout":"","ast-site-content-layout":"","site-content-style":"default","site-sidebar-style":"default","ast-global-header-display":"","ast-banner-title-visibility":"","ast-main-header-display":"","ast-hfb-above-header-display":"","ast-hfb-below-header-display":"","ast-hfb-mobile-header-display":"","site-post-title":"","ast-breadcrumbs-content":"","ast-featured-img":"","footer-sml-layout":"","theme-transparent-header-meta":"","adv-header-id-meta":"","stick-header-meta":"","header-above-stick-meta":"","header-main-stick-meta":"","header-below-stick-meta":"","astra-migrate-meta-layouts":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[12],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-330","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-determinante-de-uma-matriz"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v21.2 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>Autovalores (ou autovalores) e autovetores (ou autovetores) de uma matriz -<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/mathority.org\/pt\/calcular-autovalores-autovalores-e-autovetores-autovetores-de-uma-matriz\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"pt_BR\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Autovalores (ou autovalores) e autovetores (ou autovetores) de uma matriz -\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Nesta p\u00e1gina explicamos o que s\u00e3o autovalores e autovetores, tamb\u00e9m chamados de autovalores e autovetores respectivamente. 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